Types of work.
Types of work
general construction special
preparatory,
Preparatory work
In preparation work
Auxiliary works ,
In installation and assembly work
Principles and methods of organization and technology of work
Principles and methods of performing sanitary technical work, which are an integral part of construction work, are closely linked to the technology of construction production. A modern construction site is similar to an assembly shop, where ready-made building elements and assemblies are manufactured in specialized high-performance factories and delivered to construction site, assemble the building and install sanitary systems.
Installation and assembly work of sanitary systems for flow method
at the construction site are carried out in three stages
:
first stage
- laying sewer outlets, water supply inlets, gas supply, heat supply, installation of thermal units, heating boiler houses, their testing;
second stage
- installation heating devices, assembly of pipelines for water, gas and heat supply systems, sewerage systems, their testing;
the third stage is the installation and testing of sanitary and gas appliances.
First stage work
are carried out in the basements of buildings under construction or special buildings for ancillary purposes (heating points, boiler rooms) and in open areas of the building. Therefore, construction schedules link only the final and most important intermediate deadlines for their implementation.
Work of the second and third stages
are carried out on the floors of the building, and the procedure for their implementation is strictly linked to general construction work. For example, after completion of general construction work on the first section (the part of the building on which work is being carried out), builders move to the second, and plumbers lay pipelines and install equipment on the first section. When the builders leave for the next job, the plumbers come to the second job.
In-line method
allows you to simultaneously carry out several types of work, which reduces the overall construction time. However, each type of work must be performed at a strictly specified time. In case of violation of the deadline for completing any type of work, all subsequent operations are delayed, for example, the delay in installing a heating system does not allow concreting the seams between the panels and in winter time carry out finishing work.
Sequential method
organization of work, when sanitary and technical work is carried out after the completion of general construction work (except for finishing), it is used mainly in the construction of low-rise buildings, small industrial buildings, as well as in the installation of sanitary and technical systems in existing buildings and during their reconstruction.
Methods for installing fittings on the internal water supply network
To ensure normal operation, shut-off valves are installed on the internal water supply:
On a ring distribution network - to disconnect individual sections, but no more than a half-ring;
On a ring fire water supply network - to turn off no more than five fire hydrants on one floor and no more than one riser in buildings over 50 m high;
On the ring network of industrial water supply - to ensure two-way water supply to the units;
At the base of fire risers with five or more fire hydrants;
At the base of risers for drinking water or industrial water supply in buildings of three floors or more;
On branches supplying five points or more;
On branches for each apartment;
On connections to flush tanks, flush taps, water heaters, group showers and washbasins;
In front of external watering taps, in front of devices and units special purpose;
On all branches from main water supply lines.
Repair and adjustment of cold water supply systems
To maintain the system in working condition, carry out current repairs water supply systems, the volumes and timing of which are given in Table 1. In addition to the work listed in the table, during repairs, pipelines, thermal insulation are restored and the pressure regulator is adjusted. Major renovation includes the replacement of pipes, mixers, fittings for flush tanks, valves, gate valves, pumps and other elements of the system.
Inspection and lapping of fittings
The inspection of the valve consists of disassembling it and inspecting the locking working body and the seal of the stuffing box. Depending on the design and purpose of the valve, the need to replace the sealing material on the locking body or grinding in individual parts is identified. If the stuffing of the stuffing box is insufficient, it is stuffed.
The passage of water through the shut-off valves when the working element is completely closed is achieved by placing sealing materials under the working element: leather, rubber, fiber and other materials, depending on the medium transported through the pipes.
Lapping of fittings. Achieve complete coverage shut-off valves, intended for steam and gas, as well as valves, is possible by mutual grinding of adjacent parts. The grinding of parts is carried out using grinding materials manually or using special devices.
Lapping powders and pastes are used as grinding materials, and the grains of the powders must pass through a mesh with a hole with a diameter of 0.15 mm. In some cases, glass dust is used for grinding.
Grinding is carried out until the entire surface of the plug fits snugly into the socket. The correct lapping is checked as follows. The surface of the plug and body is wiped dry. Then a line is drawn on the cork with chalk, after which the cork is inserted into the body and turned several times in one direction and the other. If the chalk line is evenly erased over the entire surface, then the cork is ground in correctly. The final grinding is checked by pressure testing with water or air.
18.Assembling fittings
Gate valves, valves, taps and other fittings have gaskets and stuffing box packing that prevent water and steam from leaking between the parts and along the spindle. As gaskets between the cover and the valve body, technical cardboard up to 1.5 mm thick, boiled in natural drying oil, and paronite, a sheet material made from asbestos, rubber and fillers, are used. Paronite is produced in the form of gray sheets with a thickness of 0.3 to 6 mm.
For the valve of valve-type fittings used in pipelines cold water, install gaskets made of leather, rubber or plastic, and for fittings on pipelines hot water(with temperatures up to 180° C) and on steam lines low pressure- from a special ebonite mass or heat-resistant rubber. Valves for steam high pressure must have lapped metal valves.
Secure the gaskets to the valve with a nut.
The following materials are used for packing oil seals:
for fittings installed on pipelines for water with temperatures up to 100°C, cotton, linen or hemp cord impregnated with a special compound or thick mineral oil - grease;
for fittings installed on pipelines for steam and water with temperatures above 100°C, asbestos cord impregnated with graphite mixed with natural drying oil;
Valves for cold water have a hemp cord impregnated with oil.
A special stuffing box is also used. To pack the stuffing box, unscrew the union nut, take out the bushing, remove the old stuffing box and install a new one. Then press the stuffing box tightly with the sleeve, keeping an eye on it. so that the spindle rotates freely.
The valve seal is filled as follows. The stuffing box cover is removed and the stuffing box is placed in rings around the spindle. To form rings, the stuffing box is first cut into separate pieces so that their ends meet end-to-end and do not overlap one another. The rings of the stuffing box are laid one on top of the other with the joints offset by 90°. After laying the packing, the stuffing box cover is put in place and tightened with bolts, making sure that the spindle rotates freely.
The stuffing box for taps and valves is made in the form of a braid, wrapped several times around the spindle. After installing the stuffing box, screw on the union nut, sealing the stuffing box with a sleeve.
After grinding in or installing gaskets and stuffing the seals, valves and other fittings are checked for tightness by crimping. The fittings are checked for density with a pressure of 1 kgf/cm2. The fittings are tested with air in baths filled with water.
The fittings are checked for the tightness of the body, the tightness of the stuffing box seal and the shut-off valve for the passage of water in the closed position.
Low pressure gas pipeline valves are tested for strength with water or air at a pressure of 1 kgf/cm2. The tightness of the gate valve, which is pre-coated with chalk, is tested with kerosene, and kerosene should not pass through for 10 minutes.
The bath for testing valves consists of a frame with guides along which the bath of water moves; a pneumatic cylinder for lifting the bath (it is attached to the bottom of the frame); two horizontal pneumatic cylinders covering the inlet and outlet openings of the valves, and air ducts with control valves.
To test the valve for leaks, place it on a prism and open the control valve for the horizontal cylinders. In this case, the cylinders tightly close the flanges of the valve. After this, open the air supply valve to the valve cavity and the cylinder valve to lift the bath. The bath rises and the valve is completely immersed in water. If the housing or gland seal is leaking, air enters in the form of bubbles into the water, which indicates the location of the leak.
In order to test the tightness of the locking device, the locking body is closed and using hydraulic press raise the pressure in the lower part of the housing to a predetermined value. If in this case water does not flow through tap 4, the shut-off device is impenetrable
19. Grouping radiators
Installation of heating systems consists of installing heating devices, boilers, expansion tank and other equipment and assembly of a pipeline system with installation of shut-off, control and measuring valves.
Installation of a heating system begins with the installation of heating devices. However, you can begin installation by assembling the risers and begin installing heating devices after completing this assembly. This sequence has a certain advantage. It consists in the fact that in case of insufficient accuracy of the connections, they can be left without alteration, only by moving the radiators some distance from the axis of the window openings. Sectional radiators come from the manufacturer assembled in 7-8 sections. At the installation site, they are grouped in such a way as to obtain the number of sections provided for by the project.
To deploy and screw in the nipples of radiator sections when grouping them, radiator keys are used. The key has an eyelet for a handle on one side, and a flat-head screwdriver of the appropriate width on the other. The width should be such that the screwdriver with a small gap passes through the holes of the nipples and rests against their internal projections.
Rice. 1. Grouping sections and radiators: a - gripping of section threads with nipples for two or three threads; 6 - final tightening of nipples and joining of sections; c - connection of the third section; d - grouping of two radiators: 1 - section; 2 - nipple; 3 - gasket; 4 - short radiator key; 5 - crowbar; 6 - long radiator key
When grouping, you have to either disconnect some sections from the radiator or add them (Fig. 1). In the first case, the radiator is fixed on a workbench and two radiator keys are inserted to the appropriate depth into the open nipple holes, upper and lower. This is done simultaneously by two workers - they use keys to deploy both nipples at the same time. If it is necessary to increase the number of sections in the radiator, place both parts of the device to be connected on a workbench, lubricate the upper and lower nipples with drying oil, put gaskets on them, screw in the nipples by hand by 1-2 threads. After this, the attached part of the radiator is brought to the nipples and, using two keys simultaneously, the nipples are screwed into the sections until they are tight.
Nipples and radiator sections have a right-hand thread on one side and a left-hand thread on the other (Fig. 1), so it is necessary to rotate the key to the left if the rolling is done from the section with a right-hand thread, and to the right if the rolling is done from the section with a left-hand thread .
When disassembling the radiator, do the opposite. The above-mentioned simultaneity of folding or unfolding of nipples at the top and bottom is necessary in order to prevent misalignment of the sections.
General part
Ø Work production projects (WPP) are developed in order to determine the most effective methods that help reduce cost and labor intensity installation work, reducing their duration, improving the quality of installation and ensuring occupational safety.
Ø PPR should be developed taking into account the use of progressive methods and means of work that ensure high quality, minimum duration, labor intensity and cost.
Basics of sanitary work.
Types of work.
Construction production consists of individual construction processes occurring in a certain sequence at the construction site and with the ultimate goal of erecting new buildings and structures. The construction of buildings and structures is associated with the implementation of various construction works in a certain technological sequence.
Types of work
During the construction of buildings and structures, all robots are conventionally divided into general construction (earth, pile, stone, concrete and reinforced concrete, carpentry and joinery, roofing, finishing) and special (sanitary, electrical, hydraulic, construction industrial furnaces etc.).
Plumbing related to the device
heating, ventilation, heat and gas supply systems, hot and cold water supply and sewage systems of buildings. There are external and internal sanitary works.
External plumbing work includes laying pipelines to buildings for external networks heat, gas and water supply, sewerage; internal-
installation work of sanitary, heating and ventilation and gas equipment inside buildings and structures.
Sanitary work is divided into preparatory, procurement, auxiliary and assembly . When installing sanitary systems, the main work is usually preceded by partial or complete dismantling of the old system.
Preparatory work
- the initial stage of creating a sanitary system, when technical documentation is studied and compiled installation projects And
work execution projects (WPP), carry out measurements, draw up orders for the production of pipeline assembly blanks in central procurement workshops
(TsZM) or at assembly workpiece factories (ZMZ), draw up requests for materials and equipment, etc.
In preparation work includes cutting, bending and joining of pipelines, assembly of enlarged pipeline units and blocks, assembly of pumps and other equipment, inspection and testing of fittings, pipeline units and equipment, production of non-standard parts, means of fastening devices and pipelines. To facilitate the work of workers, most procurement work is carried out at highly mechanized procurement enterprises (ZMZ, TsZM and local procurement workshops), where comprehensive mechanization and automation of procurement processes are used.
Auxiliary works , consisting of preparing equipment and a facility for pipeline installation, includes loading and unloading (delivery of installation workpieces, materials, equipment to the site, loading, unloading and delivering them to the installation site) and fastening (drilling holes for fastening pipelines and installing fastening means) work.
In installation and assembly work includes installation into the mounting position and connection of pipes, enlarged units and blocks, instruments and equipment, testing of systems.
SANITARY WORKS- work related to the construction of heating, ventilation, gas supply, hot water supply, water supply and sewerage systems of buildings. According to the nature of the devices being constructed and the methods of carrying out the work, two main groups of work are distinguished: external, which includes work on laying pipelines for external networks - heat - gas and water supply and sewerage for communities, points and enterprises (industrial, transport and agricultural) and on the construction head structures of water supply and sewerage systems; internal - work on the installation of sanitary, heating, ventilation and gas equipment of industrial and civil buildings and structures. External sanitary and technical work accounts for up to 15% of capital investments in new construction of industrial enterprises and cities.
In the future, their volume will increase, including due to an increase in the level of improvement of rural settlements. Part of the work, such as the construction of head structures of water supply and sewerage systems (water intakes, pumping stations, water towers, underground tanks, etc.), refers to general construction work (stone, concrete, finishing) performed during the construction of buildings and structures for any purpose. At the same time, prefabricated materials are widely and effectively used reinforced concrete structures. Laying external networks is a special job. An integral part of them is excavation work for excavation and filling of trenches, which is fully mechanized using a set of special mechanisms (ditch diggers, bucket wheel excavators, water-lowering installations, etc.), road machines (scrapers, bulldozers, etc.).
Pipelines are laid in trenches in the following sequence: preparation of links (strands) of several pipes at the edge of the trench, lowering them into the trench using truck cranes or winches, straightening on the leveled bottom of the trench or on a specially prepared base (for example, on a grillage, on piles during installation in quicksand), connecting links with sealing assembly joints, hydraulic or pneumatic testing of pipelines for strength and density. The connections of pipes into links and links among themselves are very diverse in design (welded joints steel pipes, socket connections of cast iron and ceramic pipes, etc.), they are determined by the material of the pipes, the purpose and operating conditions of underground pipelines.
For relatively rare above-ground installation of pipelines (on overpasses or on supports), the sequence and methods of performing the work are similar. When simultaneously laying several pipelines for different purposes in cramped urban conditions, the method of combined laying of underground communications is used (see Underground facilities). An effective design of the collector is made of frequently ribbed reinforced concrete panels, manufactured by vibration rolling and assembled at the factory into volumetric sections, delivered to the construction site and installed in a trench. External gasket utility networks is part of the engineering preparation of the construction site, and if properly organized, should be carried out before the start of construction of buildings.
The basis for the industrialization of work on laying main pipelines is preparation for the installation of links (lashes) on a production base - stationary for large volumes of work in major cities and industrial centers, or mobile (site workshops) when laying very long pipelines (for example, for gas transport, etc.). At the production base, in addition to the main work - connecting (welding) links and strands, anti-corrosion and heat-insulating coatings are applied to pipes, in particular foam concrete, foam glass, etc. The laying of external networks is carried out by specialized construction organizations. Internal sanitary and technical work amounts to industrial and civil construction on average up to 10% of the total cost of construction of buildings and structures.
Volume and specific gravity This work will increase significantly in the future due to an increase in the level of engineering equipment of buildings (hot water supply, air conditioning), expansion of heating and gasification of populated areas, improvement of the air environment in enterprises and improvement of the air basin of cities and industrial centers. Organizationally, internal sanitary and technical work is separated from other types of construction and installation work and is carried out by specialized installation organizations, mainly using industrial methods. Moreover, they are part of the general process of construction of buildings and structures and are closely linked in terms and sequence of execution with general construction and other special work. Therefore, for internal sanitary and technical work, a combined method of work is used, in which the installation of sanitary, heating and ventilation and gas devices is performed over several cycles of a single construction process (flow).
With the industrial method of carrying out installation work, their production base is a procurement enterprise (assembly plant), where assembly units and parts are manufactured, systems are completed necessary equipment and materials. Such an enterprise serves construction sites in one or several economic regions, is on the industrial balance sheet and produces complete assembly blanks for the entire system or device. In connection with further specialization and gradual organizational separation of work on the installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems, independent ventilation and procurement enterprises are created, which are the production base of specialized installation organizations.
The basis for mass factory production of blanks is the unification of assembly units, systems and devices and their consolidation to the limits determined by the convenience of transportation and assembly on site, which ensures a significant reduction in the labor intensity of installation and assembly work. In mass housing construction The unification of installation units and systems partially led to the combination of some sanitary and technical devices (in large-panel construction) with building structures and the delivery of these devices to the site in the form of independent enlarged installation blocks (heating panels, sanitary and technical cabins). When linking sanitary and technical works with general construction, the following conditions are observed: hydraulic tests are carried out no later than the completion of plastering work, and when laying hidden pipelines in furrows - before closing the latter; means of fastening equipment, pipelines and air ducts are installed before the start of painting work; sanitary and gas appliances are installed before the final painting of the premises, and water fittings - after all finishing works; adjustment of heating and ventilation systems, testing of gas supply systems is carried out before putting these systems into operation.
Most assembly operations (installation joints) are carried out on site using hand tools (pipe and wrenches, manual welding, etc.), and almost all auxiliary work is mechanized. The latter include: punching holes in building structures for installing means of fastening and laying pipelines and air ducts using electric and pneumatic tools, rigging work and moving equipment and workpieces to installation sites using lifting and transport mechanisms (wall-mounted and conventional winches with manual drive, two-drum electric winches, mobile jib cranes with a lifting capacity from 250 to 1000 kg, etc.).
To install equipment for air ducts and main pipelines inside industrial buildings (if there is preparation for floors), truck cranes, auto-hydraulic lifts and forklifts equipped with installation platforms are used. Electric and pneumatic impact wrenches are widely used to assemble bolted joints in accessible places. After completion of installation and assembly work, adjustment, adjustment and thermal testing of the installed systems are carried out for design parameters. Checking the sanitary and technical efficiency of ventilation devices is carried out by special commissioning organizations after the start-up of an industrial enterprise (at full technological load of the ventilated premises). Start-up and testing of sanitary equipment in winter is carried out without preliminary hydraulic tests, with elimination of leaks on the go, with preliminary start-up of the heating system, with temporary switching of supply ventilation systems to recirculation, etc.
Lit.: SNiP, part 3, section. G, ch. 1. Sanitary equipment of buildings and structures. Rules for production and acceptance of work, M., 1963; Govorov V.P., Economics and organization of sanitary works, M., 1961; Liber I. S., Yakovlev P. S., Production of sanitary and technical works in industrial and civil construction, 1962; Borodin I.V., Technology of construction of water supply and sewerage structures, 2nd ed., M., 1963.
Sanitary work is supposed to be carried out using an industrial method, observing the principle of a clear separation of operations for pipeline preparation and installation.
Installation and assembly work at sites is carried out according to the calendar plan (schedule) of work, where all types of work are listed in detail, the sequence of installation is indicated in conjunction with general construction work.
Installation work at sites - installation of boiler rooms, heating systems, sewerage, water supply, hot water supply, gas pipelines - is carried out by teams of installers.
Installation of sanitary and technical work at the site can be carried out using a sequential or parallel method.
Sequential method, i.e. after completion of the main construction work, it is usually used on sites with a small volume of sanitary and technical work.
Parallel method, i.e. installation simultaneously with the construction of walls is the most common. With this method, it is necessary that at least one interfloor ceiling in brick buildings and at least two floors in buildings made of large blocks and panels be installed above the installers of sanitary systems. At this method During the execution of work, the building is divided into two sections horizontally and into a number of sections (depending on the height of the building) vertically. With this breakdown, the installation of building structures is carried out on the right side of the building, and at the same time, work on the installation of sanitary systems is carried out on the left side of the building. Having finished construction work, workers move to the left side of the building, and plumbers move to the right side to perform installation work; So they alternate until the work is completed.
The parallel installation method can significantly reduce construction time and reduce installation costs compared to the sequential method.
The method of carrying out work on the installation of sanitary installations by specialized teams and units has become widespread. A specialized team or unit performs one type of work, for example, installation of sewerage systems, installation of gas pipelines, installation of heating systems. Installation of sanitary devices by specialized units significantly increases labor productivity and improves the quality of work.
To improve the quality of work performed, it is necessary to properly organize the workplace and production process, use rational labor techniques, devices and tools, correct location materials, tools and devices, which eliminates the need to make unnecessary movements. At the end of each working day, it is advisable to prepare for work the next day: receive an order, check the availability of materials for the upcoming work, tools, devices.
The foreman distributes responsibilities among team members in accordance with the qualifications of each worker, brings the task to the attention of each of them, and organizes the workplace.
1. General characteristics of sanitary production.
Plumbing work performed at a construction site by a specialized subcontractor includes:
- installation of heating, gas supply, ventilation, water supply and sewerage systems;
- installation of industrial ventilation systems, aspiration devices, pneumatic transport systems, air conditioning of industrial enterprises and special structures;
- installation of boiler rooms, external gas supply systems, heat supply and automatic control devices, heat and gas points;
- installation of cooling systems for blast furnaces and open-hearth furnaces, as well as other special sanitary and technical devices.
In the pre-crisis years, there was a tendency to increase the share of sanitary and technical work due to the emergence of new design solutions, as well as in connection with the expansion and reconstruction of existing enterprises.
Course on industrialization construction was also reflected in sanitary and technical work. Most of the sanitary-technical and ventilation products, parts and structures were procured in regional and metro-district procurement organizations equipped with special mechanisms for processing pipes and steel sheets, and only their assembly was carried out at the installation site. New welding methods were introduced.
For the installation of enlarged units of sanitary and ventilation systems, hydraulic lifts, aerial platforms, forklifts and other means of mechanization began to be used, which made it possible to significantly increase labor productivity during installation. As a result, the number of workers in installation organizations has decreased.
However, labor costs directly on construction sites are still quite high. Simple calculations show that they can be reduced to 30-35% of total labor costs, while factory labor costs, on the contrary, are increased to 65-70%.
Panel heating systems have appeared in large-panel housing construction, and the degree of industrialization has also increased.
The main way to improve blank production at present is the typification of assembly parts, assemblies and products to transform them into mass serial products.
Recently, advanced technology for the production of wafer-wound spiral air ducts has been developed. The introduction of flexible plastic and other non-metallic air ducts and connections has begun.
The performance of work by specialized organizations, in contrast to general construction general contracting trusts, has its own characteristics :
The need to test, adjust and run sanitary and ventilation systems for their commissioning;
Lack of specialization for a certain type of construction, which makes it difficult to organize the continuous execution of work by a specialized trust at the sites of several general contracting trusts;
The dependence of the plan of a specialized organization on the plans of general construction trusts, because he must ensure the completion of specialized work within a certain time frame at all sites of general construction trusts;
Simultaneous execution of work on a much larger number of objects than in general construction organizations;
Significant territorial disunity of objects of a specialized trust;
A large number of difficult-to-account works in the activities of specialized organizations;
A sharp increase in the cost of certain types of work in winter.
2. Sanitary and hygienic production and scientific and technological progress.
No one doubts that the economy revived after the crisis will develop further based on advanced technologies, because technically outdated products with high production costs will simply be of no use to anyone.
All this applies to sanitary production. Scientific and technological progress will continue, which consists of improvement means of labor(machines, mechanisms, equipment), objects of labor(materials, products, structures) and ways of influencing the means of labor on the object of labor(technology, organization, planning and construction management).
These three areas of scientific and technological progress (STP) are interconnected and have a complex impact on increasing labor productivity.
First of all, the course towards industrialization of sanitary production will be continued. As in general in construction, the essence of this process is that labor processes, within economically justifiable limits, are transferred to factory conditions, where labor is more productive, and at construction and installation sites the level of mechanization and automation of work increases, which together achieves a reduction in manual labor costs. labor.
An integral part of the industrialization of sanitary production is, on the one hand, rational unification constructive solutions, and on the other – typing products, parts and structures used for installation of sanitary and ventilation systems. high level of unification and typification allows repeated use in sanitary and technical ventilation systems the same products, parts and designs.
Naturally, this will require accelerating the development of the production base.
As in all construction and installation work, mechanization of sanitary production is the replacement of manual labor with machine labor in the production of sanitary and ventilation work. Introduction of new materials.
In the previous period, only partial mechanization was carried out, in which individual processes were carried out with the help of machines and mechanisms. The task for the future is complex mechanization, in which all main and auxiliary technological operations are performed by a set of machines and equipment that are interconnected in their productivity and operational parameters. Mechanization should play a decisive role here.
A new step here should be the automation of processes at enterprises that produce products, parts and structures.
During the construction of buildings and structures, all work is conventionally divided into general construction (earth, pile, stone, concrete and reinforced concrete, carpentry and joinery, roofing, finishing) and special (sanitary, electrical, hydraulic, construction of industrial furnaces, etc. .d.).
Plumbing work is associated with the installation of heating, ventilation, heat and gas supply systems, hot and cold water supply and sewerage systems in buildings. There are external and internal sanitary works.
External sanitary work includes laying pipelines to buildings for external networks of heat, gas and water supply, sewerage; internal - installation work of sanitary, heating, ventilation and gas equipment inside buildings and structures.
Sanitary work is divided into: preparatory, procurement, auxiliary and installation work. When renovating plumbing systems, these major jobs are usually preceded by partial or complete dismantling of the old system.
Preparatory work is the initial stage of creating a sanitary-technical system, when they study technical documentation, draw up installation projects and work execution projects (PPR), carry out measurements, draw up orders for the manufacture of pipeline assembly blanks in central procurement workshops (CPM) or at factories assembly blanks (ZMZ), make requests for materials and equipment, etc.
Procurement work includes cutting, bending and connecting pipelines, assembly of enlarged pipeline units and blocks, assembly of pumps and other equipment, inspection and testing of fittings, pipeline units and equipment, production of non-standard parts, means of fastening devices and pipelines. To facilitate the work of workers, most procurement work is carried out at highly mechanized procurement enterprises (ZMZ, TsZM and local procurement workshops), where complex mechanization and automation of procurement processes are used.
Work on the installation of sanitary systems can begin if the object is ready for construction: the previous work processes have been completed in accordance with the general technological sequence of building construction; workplaces have been prepared; there are lifting mechanisms (cranes, elevators, hoists, beam cranes); storage areas in the area of operation of lifting mechanisms, as well as household and service premises have been prepared. The readiness of the facility for installation of sanitary systems is documented in a document. Before the installation of sanitary systems begins, the following general construction work must be completed:
- in rooms located above the zero level, interfloor and attic floors, flights of stairs, partitions, foundations for sanitary equipment are installed; holes and grooves are left or punched in building structures for laying pipelines in compliance with the dimensions and tolerances established by the Building Codes and Rules; installation openings were left in the walls, ceilings and partitions, provided for by the work project, for supplying large units and equipment to the installation site; embedded parts for fastening pipelines were installed in building structures; the floor for covering is prepared; on the walls, columns, markings of the coating (clean floor) plus 0.5 m are applied with indelible paint; floor coverings or floor covering strips for installation of convectors have been completed; walls, niches, and partitions in places where heating and sanitary appliances are installed were plastered and primed; the premises were glazed; the work sites were cleared of construction waste and free access to them was ensured; scaffolding, scaffolding, and decking were built for work at a height of more than 1 .5 m; work areas are illuminated and the possibility of connecting electrified tools and electric welding stations to the electrical network on the floors is provided;
- in rooms located below the zero level, in addition to the work listed above, underground channels, partitions, concrete supports for sewer pipelines, foundations and sites for installing equipment, and others are performed building structures for laying pipelines and installing sanitary equipment; trenches for sewerage outlets are dug up to the first wells from the building and wells with trays are made;
- in sanitary units and kitchens, before laying pipes, partitions were installed, walls and ceilings were plastered, the floor was prepared for covering; before installing sanitary and gas appliances - the floors were waterproofed, floor coverings were made, walls were tiled, walls and ceilings were painted, doors were installed; Before installing the water fittings, the ceilings and walls are finally painted.