Paul
Answer:
| Hello, Pavel. 21-65 refers to a series of houses - gas silicate blocks . Cayman30 . Ceramic blocks Cayman30 superior
Free house design
. |
Cayman30 The return on investment in warmer walls is 303 years.
According to the required thermal resistance for external walls of residential buildings in the Moscow region - 3.14 m2*S/W.Thermal resistance of an external wall built using a thermally efficient ceramic block Cayman30 and lined with slotted bricks - 3.7344 m2*S/W.
Cayman30- 0.094 W/m*S.
Thermal resistance of an external wall built using gas silicateD500 blocks with a wall thickness of 500mm and lined with slotted bricks - 4.1526 m2*S/W.
Thermal calculations are presented below.
Thermal conductivity coefficient λа aerated concrete blocks D500
- 0.126 W/m*S.
Total costs for building a house according to the project 21-65 will be lower by 381,317 rubles when choosing a ceramic block Cayman30. A detailed comparative cost calculation is presented below.
Walls made of aerated concrete block D500 with a wall thickness of 500 mm have a higher thermal resistance, by 9%
higher. You can count on a return on investment in “warmer” external walls due to savings on heating during the operation of the house.
The question is the return period of the investments made.
Obviously that heat loss during the heating season will occur not only through external walls.
- 30-35% heat loss occurs through ventilation ducts and chimneys.
- The thermal resistance of modern window structures is 3 times lower than the thermal resistance of an external block wall Cayman30. As a result, heat loss through windows is 20-25% .
- Heat escapes through the wall and floor structure ground floor, as well as the attic floor. This is also 10-15% all heat losses.
- The maximum is on the walls 30% heat losses, i.e. in the heating bill, only 30 percent of the amount falls on the walls.
As noted above, the thermal resistance of an external block wall structure gas silicate blocks D500
will be higher by 9%
.
Let's calculate the approximate monthly savings associated with replacement Cayman30 to a warmer one gas silicate blocks D500 with wall thickness 500mm.
Savings = 2,000 x 30% x 9% = 180 rubles/month.
In the climate zone where you are planning to build a house, the heating season lasts 7 months.
As noted above, investing in a warmer wall will result in increased costs for 381,317 rubles.
Let's do the math return on investment period by saving on heating costs.
381,317 rubles / 180 rubles/month / 7 months = 303 years.
1. Strength.
So ceramic block Cayman30
Kaiman 30
To begin with, we will determine the required thermal resistance for the external walls of residential buildings for the city of Shchelkovo, as well as the thermal resistance created by the structures under consideration.
R, m 2 *S/W).
Shchelkovo.
GSOP = (t in - t from)z from,
Where,
t V 20
- 22 °C);
t from Shchelkovo
meaning -3,1
°C;
z from Shchelkovo
meaning 216 days.
R tr 0 =a*GSOP+b
Where,
R tr 0
a and b A b - 1,4
R 0 = Σ δ n /λ n + 0,158
Where,
Σ
δ
- layer thickness in meters;
λ
n
R r 0 = R 0 x r
Where,
r
According to standard STO 00044807-001-2006 r 0,98 .
R r 00 required.
λ a or λ in
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SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings" 1st step. Let's define s Shchelkovo |
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According to the table the city Shchelkovo 2nd step. |
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dry. 3rd step. dry, Shchelkovo normal. |
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Resume. |
Alexander
Answer:
 Hello, Alexander. The house project you are considering 88-05
refers to a series of houses - . Ceramic blocks Cayman30 superior shell rock blocks
according to all the main characteristics: strength, heat saving. At the same time, the final costs will be lower when choosing ceramics. For more information on this, see the comparative cost calculation below. Application of ceramic blocks Cayman30 allows you to build country houses that meet all current standards, and in particular, those that meet SNiP “Thermal protection of buildings” for cities such as Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Perm, Krasnoyarsk, without inclusion in the design of an external wall weak link- layer insulation. At the same time, the cost of constructing one square meter of housing will be one of the lowest when compared with any stone block, including in comparison with gas silicate blocks. Projects of houses made from ceramic blocks are included in the promotion Free house design . According to the terms of the promotion when purchasing ceramic blocks Cayman30 in our company we will refund you the cost of the design documentation you paid for |
| The technology you are considering for a facade thermal insulation system with a thin plaster layer (“wet facade”) is shown below. The weak link of any structure that contains thermal insulation is the thermal insulation itself. Service life mineral wool or expanded polystyrene does not exceed 30-35 years. This is due to the fact that the phenolic glue that connects the stone fibers of mineral wool gradually evaporates. In polystyrene foam, the thermal bonding of polystyrene foam balls is gradually destroyed due to cycles of freezing and thawing of moisture. The second significant disadvantage of this technology is its complexity, caused by a large number of specialized materials, as well as operations that require highly qualified construction personnel and favorable weather conditions for work. And thirdly, with the existing disadvantages, you also pay much more for this technology. |
Let's compare the materials under consideration: shell rock and ceramic blocks according to their characteristics and construction costs.
Looking ahead, I inform you that construction the house you are considering from ceramic block Kerakam Kaiman30, according to all characteristics superior to shell rock 20*20*40 150,762 rubles.
Let’s compare the materials under consideration: shell rock 20*20*40cm (2000kg/m3) and ceramic blocks Kerakam Cayman 30 according to characteristics.
1. Strength.
The strength of wall materials is determined by the maximum pressure of the distributed load on the test sample and is characterized by the number of kilograms of force (kgf) applied to one square centimeter of the surface of the material.
So ceramic block Kerakam Cayman30 has a strength grade of M75, which means that one square centimeter can withstand a load of 75 kg.
The strength grade of a shell rock block with an average density of 2000 kg/m 3 varies from M15 to M35 among different manufacturers. As a result, every third row of masonry should be reinforced, as shown in the photo below.
Ceramic block masonry Kerakam Kaiman 30 reinforced only at the corners of the building, a meter in each direction. For reinforcement, a basalt-plastic mesh is used, placed in the masonry joint. Labor-intensive gating and subsequent covering of the reinforcement in the groove with glue is not required.
When installing ceramic blocks, masonry mortar is applied only along the horizontal joint of the masonry. The mason applies the mortar to one and a half to two meters of masonry at once and places each subsequent block along the tongue and groove. The laying is carried out very quickly.
When installing shell rock blocks, the solution must also be applied to the side surface of the blocks. Obviously, the speed and complexity of masonry with this installation method will only increase.
Also, sawing ceramic blocks is not difficult for professional masons. For this purpose it is used reciprocating saw, using the same saw, gas silicate blocks are also sawed. Only one block needs to be cut in each row of the wall.
2. The ability of the structures under consideration to resist heat transfer, i.e. keep the house warm in winter and cool in summer.
Below is a thermal engineering calculation performed according to the methodology described in SNiP “Thermal protection of buildings”. As well as an economic justification for the use of the Kerakam Kaiman 30 ceramic block when comparing the costs of building the house in question from shell rock blocks.
To begin with, we will determine the required thermal resistance for the external walls of residential buildings for the city of Sevastopol, as well as the thermal resistance created by the structures under consideration.
The ability of a structure to retain heat is determined by such a physical parameter as the thermal resistance of the structure ( R, m 2 *S/W).
Let us determine the degree-day of the heating period, °C ∙ day/year, using the formula (SNiP “Thermal protection of buildings”) for the city Sevastopol.
GSOP = (t in - t from)z from,
Where,
t V- design temperature of the internal air of the building, °C, taken when calculating the enclosing structures of groups of buildings indicated in Table 3 (SNiP “Thermal protection of buildings”): according to pos. 1 - according to the minimum values of the optimal temperature of the corresponding buildings according to GOST 30494 (in the range 20
- 22 °C);
t from- average outside air temperature, °C cold period, For Sevastopol meaning 4
,7
°C;
z from- duration, days/year, of the heating period, adopted according to the set of rules for a period with an average daily outside air temperature of no more than 8 °C, for the city Sevastopol meaning 136
days.
The value of the required thermal resistance for the external walls of residential buildings will be determined by the formula (SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings)
R tr 0 =a*GSOP+b
Where,
R tr 0- required thermal resistance;
a and b- coefficients, the values of which should be taken according to Table No. 3 of SNiP “Thermal Protection of Buildings” for the corresponding groups of buildings, for residential buildings the value A should be taken equal to 0.00035, the value b - 1,4
Formula for calculating the conditional thermal resistance of the structure under consideration:
R 0 = Σ δ n /λ n + 0,158
Where,
Σ
– symbol of layer summation for multilayer structures;
δ
- layer thickness in meters;
λ
- thermal conductivity coefficient of the layer material subject to operational humidity;
n- layer number (for multilayer structures);
0.158 is a correction factor, which, for simplicity, can be taken as a constant.
Formula for calculating the reduced thermal resistance.
R r 0 = R 0 x r
Where,
r– coefficient of thermal technical homogeneity of structures with heterogeneous sections (joints, heat-conducting inclusions, vestibules, etc.)
According to standard STO 00044807-001-2006 according to Table No. 8, the value of the coefficient of thermal uniformity r for masonry of large-format hollow porous ceramic stones and shell rock blocks should be taken equal to 0,98 .
At the same time, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that this coefficient does not take into account the fact that
- we recommend masonry using warm masonry mortar (this significantly levels out the heterogeneity at the joints);
- as connections between the load-bearing wall and the facing masonry, we use not metal, but basalt-plastic connections, which conduct heat literally 100 times less than steel connections (this significantly eliminates the inhomogeneities formed due to heat-conducting inclusions);
- The slopes of window and door openings, according to our design documentation, are additionally insulated with extruded polystyrene foam (which eliminates heterogeneity in the areas of window and door openings and vestibules).
R r 0 must be greater than or equal to R 0 required.
We determine the operating mode of the building in order to understand what the thermal conductivity coefficient is λ a or λ in taken when calculating the conditional thermal resistance.
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The method for determining the operating mode is described in detail in SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings" . Based on the specified normative document, let's follow the step-by-step instructions. 1st step. Let's define shumidity level of the building region - Sevastopol using Appendix B of SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings". |
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According to the table the city Sevastopol located in zone 1 (humid climate). We take value 1 - humid climate. 2nd step. Using Table No. 1 of SNiP “Thermal protection of buildings” we determine the humidity conditions in the room. At the same time, please note that during the heating season the air humidity in the room drops to 15-20%. During the heating season, air humidity must be raised to at least 35-40%. A humidity level of 40-50% is considered comfortable for humans. |
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According to Table 1, the indoor humidity conditions during the heating period at air temperatures from 12 to 24 degrees and relative humidity up to 50% - dry. 3rd step. Using Table No. 2 of SNiP “Thermal protection of buildings” we determine the operating conditions. To do this, we find the intersection of the line with the value of the humidity regime in the room, in our case it is dry, with the humidity column for the city of Sevastopol, as was found out earlier - this is the value wet . |
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Resume. Answer:
Let's compare the materials under consideration - gas silicate blocks and ceramic blocks - according to their characteristics and construction costs. Looking ahead, I inform you that the construction of the house you are considering from a ceramic block Kerakam Kaiman30, superior in all respects gas silicate block D500
, will be less expensive, the savings will be 100 109 rubles.
You can see the calculation in numbers at the end of this answer. 1. Strength.The strength of wall materials is determined by the maximum pressure of the distributed load on the test sample and is characterized by the number of kilograms of force (kgf) applied to one square centimeter of the surface of the material. So ceramic block Cayman30 has a strength grade of M75, which means that one square centimeter can withstand a load of 75 kg. The strength grade of a gas silicate block with a density of 500 kg/m 3 varies from M35 to M50 among different manufacturers. As a result, according to the instructions of the manufacturers of gas silicate blocks, every third row of masonry should be reinforced, as shown in the photo below. Ceramic block masonry Kaiman 30 reinforced only at the corners of the building, a meter in each direction. For reinforcement, a basalt-plastic mesh is used, placed in the masonry joint. Labor-intensive gating and subsequent covering of the reinforcement in the groove with glue is not required. When installing ceramic blocks, masonry mortar is applied only along the horizontal joint of the masonry. The mason applies the mortar to one and a half to two meters of masonry at once and places each subsequent block along the tongue and groove. The laying is carried out very quickly. When installing gas silicate blocks, the solution must also be applied to the side surface of the blocks. Obviously, the speed and complexity of masonry with this installation method will only increase. Also, sawing ceramic blocks is not difficult for professional masons. For this purpose, a reciprocating saw is used; gas silicate blocks are also sawed using the same saw. Only one block needs to be cut in each row of the wall. 2. The ability of the structures under consideration to resist heat transfer, i.e. keep the house warm in winter and cool in summer. Below is a thermal engineering calculation performed according to the methodology described in SNiP “Thermal protection of buildings”.As well as an economic justification for the use of the Kaiman30 ceramic block when comparing the costs of building the house in question from gas silicate blocks.To begin with, we will determine the required thermal resistance for the external walls of residential buildings for the city of Bronnitsy, as well as the thermal resistance created by the structures under consideration. The ability of a structure to retain heat is determined by such a physical parameter as the thermal resistance of the structure ( R, m 2 *S/W). Let us determine the degree-day of the heating period, °C ∙ day/year, using the formula (SNiP “Thermal protection of buildings”) for the city Bronnitsy. GSOP = (t in - t from)z from, Where, The value of the required thermal resistance for the external walls of residential buildings will be determined by the formula (SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings) R tr 0 =a*GSOP+b Where,
R 0 = Σ δ n /λ n + 0,158 Where, Formula for calculating the reduced thermal resistance. R r 0 = R 0 x r Where, According to standard STO 00044807-001-2006 according to Table No. 8, the value of the coefficient of thermal uniformity r for masonry of large-format hollow porous ceramic stones and gas silicate blocks should be taken equal to 0,98 . At the same time, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that this coefficient does not take into account the fact that
R r 0 must be greater than or equal to R 0 required. We determine the operating mode of the building in order to understand what the thermal conductivity coefficient is λ a or λ in taken when calculating the conditional thermal resistance.
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Hello, Natalya. In private construction, two-story houses (photos and projects occupy a significant part of the proposals of various construction companies, these can also include houses with an attic) - this is, first of all, an opportunity to get a sufficient amount of living space in a small area.
On a plot of 6-8 acres, a house with a living area of, for example, 130-150 sq. garage and other outbuildings, so there will be no space left for a lawn or garden with a vegetable garden. In addition, plan wisely one-story house large area, avoiding passage rooms and creating a functional space is quite difficult - in some large projects one-story houses the total area of halls and corridors can reach 25-30%. With equal living space, a two-story house, even with an attached garage, occupies significantly less area on the site.
Projects of two-story houses (this refers to both completely two-story houses, with a cold attic, and houses with attic) have other advantages:
- aesthetic appeal - a two-story house makes it possible to implement more architectural ideas and techniques, so most often its facades look not only more solid and representative, but also much nicer and more attractive than those of one-story houses. In addition, there is a certain stereotype according to which a two-story house is “cooler” than one with one floor - the complex shape of the roof and the house will significantly improve the architectural expressiveness of the house
- zoning of space - the layout of a two-story house allows you to divide the living space into “night” (the second floor, where the owners’ bedrooms are usually located) and “day” (the first floor is kitchen/dining room, living room, boiler room, utility rooms etc.). Those. at any time you can move to the second floor and ensure peace and quiet, minimizing the possibility of even an accidental intrusion by an outsider
- beautiful view - which opens from the balcony, terrace or French window, especially if you take into account the habit of erecting monolithic fences up to 3 meters high on plots. Of course, they can be skillfully decorated (hidden) using vertical gardening techniques, but still some feeling of a “prison yard” will remain
- use for the construction of houses different material– brick, aerated concrete, timber (glued, profiled), rounded logs, as well as construction using frame technology
However, the disadvantages characteristic of two-story houses also need to be taken into account:
- installation of a staircase - without which it is simply impossible to get to the second floor. On the one hand, it will “eat up” from 7 to 12 sq.m., depending on the design and usable area. On the other hand, the older the residents of the house become, the more problematic the issue of getting to the second floor will become for them. If the house is initially conceived for an elderly couple, then the second floor can be reserved for guest bedrooms; the plan of such a house should provide for the placement of the “main” rooms on the first floor. And one more important point– stairs, if we take the safety of houses in general, are the most dangerous place for injuries
- if the layout does not provide for the placement of bathrooms one above the other, then the installation of sewer pipes and provision of ventilation of the lower bathroom, as well as kitchens. In brick houses you will have to provide and lay out a channel, otherwise you will have to drill through holes and insert air valves, which will increase heat loss, in an aerated concrete house - drill channels directly into the walls. Arranging a ventilation system in a one-story house is much simpler and more economical
- with identical thermal insulation, a one-story house is 10% warmer than a two-story house
- in case of fire from one-story house much easier to evacuate
On engineering systems worth a separate stop. If in projects of one-story houses most communications can be carried out simply by using the attic, then in a two-story house the same sewer and water pipes will have to be laid inside the interfloor ceiling, which significantly complicates its design and significantly complicates the repair of systems in the event of force majeure situations.
Advice! System drawings should provide for the possibility of access to them through control hatches, especially in places that are most critical for breakdowns.
To heat two-story houses, it is necessary to install a pump for forced water circulation; in a one-story house, depending on the design, you can get by with “gravity flow.” But the biggest problems will be created by the ventilation system, which has already been partially discussed above. Installation metal-plastic windows and thorough insulation of the house will require the installation of a supply and exhaust unit with the routing of ventilation air ducts, which is quite difficult and expensive in a two-story house. In fact, the electricity distribution will be the same in complexity and cost in both a one-story and two-story house.
The design of the fireplace will also become more complicated - if you install it on the first floor, then you need to precisely plan how the chimney will pass through the second floor, plus - ensure fire safety in the area of the interfloor ceiling. And to install a fireplace on the second floor, you will need to lay a reinforced concrete base.
Projects of one- and two-story houses: which is more economical
Separately, it is worth highlighting the issue of comparing the cost of houses. In general, a simple rule applies here - the higher the number of floors of the building, the cheaper it costs 1 sq.m of usable area. Savings start from the roof - its area is smaller, so the costs of roofing materials and frame construction are significantly reduced. If you make the floor between the first and second floors from wood, you can save on finishing and rough screeding, as well as floor insulation. In this case, the floorboard immediately performs the functions of both the finishing coating and the load-bearing part of the floor. But using concrete floors as flooring will reduce the difference in the cost of flooring in a one- and two-story house to nothing.
Introduction 4-5
1 Architectural and construction part 6
1.1 General plan. 6-7
1.2 General characteristics of the construction area. 7
1.3Volume - planning solutions. 8
1.4Structural diagram. 8
1.4.1 Foundation and foundations. 8
1.4.2 Walls and partitions. 9
1.4.3 Floors and coverings. 9
1.4.4 Roof and roofing. 10
1.4.5 Stairs. 10-11
1.4.6 Windows and doors. 11
1.4.7 Floors. 11
1.5Finish. 11
1.5.1 Exterior finishing. 12
1.5.2 Interior decoration. 12
1.6. Engineering equipment. 12
1.6.1. Heating and ventilation. 12-13
1.6.2.Water supply and sewerage 13
1.6.3.Energy supply. 13
1.7. Specification of elements for filling openings. 13-14
1.8. Specification of precast concrete elements. 15-16
List of sources used. 17
Introduction
In the process of implementing architectural plans, sometimes the construction business faces many difficulties, and as a result, the project turns out to be completely different from what was originally intended.
The architecture of modern megacities requires the construction business to carry out projects at the appropriate level. The welfare of residents is gradually growing, they are ready to pay for comfortable housing. Therefore, in most buildings, buildings are designed taking into account the use of modern materials for both interior and exterior decoration, as well as for various utilities. And builders have to spend money on expensive materials. The cost per square meter increases significantly; in some cases, such an architectural project may not be feasible for a small construction business.
In addition, the construction business in those regions where building materials Most of them are imported; they also face the problem of high cost of building materials. Which, accordingly, is also reflected in the price of the building being constructed.
However, growing competition is forcing the construction business to reduce the price of a project under construction in order to implement it within the planned time frame. This leads to the fact that the profitability of the construction business is gradually moving away from the figure of 100%. And builders sometimes do not have the opportunity (especially small and medium-sized construction businesses) to invest profits in production and increase the capitalization of their enterprise.
An important issue in the construction business is the personnel problem. Today, secondary technical education, which most workers in construction enterprises have, does not correspond to new construction technologies and modern equipment. Statistics show that only a small percentage of construction business participants invest in staff training.
For a large construction business, the costs of high-quality construction are not very significant. But with the abolition of licensing for the construction business, an increasing number of investors prefer to invest their funds in the construction industry. In an effort to maximize profits, they may make poor quality decisions. For example, there are investors who save on the architect’s supervision of the project. This results in an additional (sometimes considerable) percentage of the cost of the entire project for the project customer. We can say with confidence that if the author of the project refuses to supervise, the construction business will only lose - the completed object will not correspond to the project. And this will not only affect its appearance and internal content, but may also raise questions from government agencies.
But here a problem arises - the state is ready to cancel licensing of architectural activities. Now, in order to obtain a license, you must meet many criteria, first of all, to be a specialist in this field - to have a specialized higher education and at least five years of experience in the specialty.
1. Architectural and construction part.
1.1 Master plan
The two-storey residential building is located on a separate plot, which has a rectangular shape of 89.7 m by 65.1 m and the allocated area is 5839.47 m.
Hydrogeological conditions at the construction site are characterized by the following:
The project provides entrances and entrances to a residential building. The entrance is an asphalt concrete surface. The main path around the building and the exit from it are made of concrete paving slabs.
On the master plan, the room is oriented in relation to the cardinal directions.
The wind rose is given on sheet AC-1 of the graphic part of the project.
Compass rose data
Table 1.1
| WITH | NE | IN | SE | Yu | S-W | Z | NW | |
| January | 10 | 11 | 3 | 6 | 28 | 28 | 8 | 7 |
| June | 23 | 15 | 6 | 3 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 21 |
The predominant wind direction is south and southwest.
On the master plan, in addition to the designed building, there are: a road, landscaping, and two residential buildings.
The technical and economic indicators of the general plan are presented in Table 1.2.
Technical and economic indicators of the general plan
Table 1.2
1.2 General characteristics of the construction area
The construction area is not seismic and, according to SNiP 2.01.07-85, belongs to the IB climatic subdistrict, with the following characteristics:
Estimated winter air temperature for the coldest five-day period is -34 0 C
According to engineering-geological surveys, the following soil stratification was revealed:
The base of the foundations is yellow-brown sand with calculated deformation characteristics:
C = 0.01 kPa (kgf/cm 2);
0 ; ˠ=1.62g/cm3; E=12(120) MPa (kgf/cm 2 ;)Groundwater in the area has not been penetrated by wells to a depth of 10.0 m.
The depth of soil freezing is 2.1 m.
Wind speed -38kg/m 3
1.3 Volumetric planning solution
The residential building is rectangular in plan and has additional exits to the street. The structural design of the building is frameless with longitudinal load-bearing walls. The building is two storeys. The external dimensions of the building in axes are 14.3 * 11.3 m. The height of the room is 2.8 m, the height of the floor is 3.1 m. The level of responsibility of the building is normal. Durability degree – II. Fire resistance degree –II.
1.4 Design solutions
1.4.1. Foundations
The foundations are designed for a horizontal site with dry, non-heaving soils.
The foundations are strip foundations made of reinforced concrete foundation slabs in accordance with ST RK 956-93 and concrete foundation wall blocks in accordance with GOST 13579-78.
The foundations are designed for brick walls for outside temperature t=-34 0 C at a pressure under the sole Rр 2 kg/cm 2
The conditional depth of foundations is taken to be 1.0 m from the surface of the earth, with a mandatory depth of at least 0.5 m into the continental soil.
The foundations are developed from prefabricated blocks in accordance with GOST 13579-78, laid on a crushed stone base 500 mm thick.
Horizontal waterproofing at level -0.320 from 2 layers of waterproofing in accordance with GOST 7415-86 on bitumen mastic brand MBK-G-80. Vertical waterproofing - coating with hot bitumen 2 times over a layer of primer.
A blind area 1400mm wide is provided around the building.
The foundation blocks are laid in increments of 600mm. Along the perimeter of the building we make armored joints 150mm thick from concrete class B-12.5 F-50.
1.4.2. Walls
The outer walls are 510 mm thick made of brick grade K-075/15 according to GOST 530-95 with M50 mortar, the internal walls are 380 mm thick made of brick grade K-075/15 with cement-sand mortar M50. The binding of the external walls is 300/210, the central internal walls are 180/180. The partitions are 120 mm thick made of ceramic brick grade K-075/15GOST530-95 with mortar grade M50.
The project provides for: OL-YK iso-insulation with a thickness of 100 mm.
1.4.3. Floors
We lay the covering and ceiling panels on the walls over a freshly laid layer of cement-sand mortar M-200. Welding is performed with E-42 electrodes in accordance with GOST 9467-91. We weld the anchor ties to the hinges of the slabs in a tense position with E-42 electrodes GOST 9467-91. After completion welding work all metal elements and welds cleaned of scale, cover with paint and varnish coating PF-115 GOST 6465-76 over primer GF-21 GOST 25129-82. After coating the anchors with an anti-corrosion compound, cover with cement-sand mortar M-100 20mm thick. The ends of the panels resting on the external walls should be sealed with expanded clay concrete 1200 kg/m 3 no more than the depth of support of the panels, but not less than 150 mm, on interior wall seal with heavy concrete to the depth of support of the panels. Holes in the covering panels are cut in place without disturbing the load-bearing ribs, followed by sealing with class B-15 concrete
1.4.4. Roof, roofing
Roofing - metal tiles of the "Banga" brand over wooden rafters and sheathing; The roof is an attic, multi-slope.
For making load-bearing structures apply lumber coniferous species according to GOST 8486-86. Wood must be at least grade 2. Protection of wood from rotting and fire retardant treatment should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP RK 2.02.05.2002 " Fire safety buildings and structures."
To protect wooden structures from rotting and increase their fire resistance, treat them with the preparation "Vuprotek-1" according to
TU 2386-36740853-2000 or other compositions by immersing wooden elements in the solution. Impregnation is carried out to a depth of 5-12mm.
Two-story house has its advantages and disadvantages over . Some people choose this option because a two-story house looks more solid and presentable than a one-story house; someone chooses it due to the lack of technical ability to build a one-story house of the same area. In any case, in order for the constructed structure to be convenient to use, careful preliminary planning of a two-story house is needed.
Project, facade and layout of a two-story house 8x8
Only proper distribution of premises and installation of utilities will allow you to feel comfortable in a house with two floors.
Layout of a two-story house 6x6 with dimensions
You can build a two-story house from any modern building materials that are on the market today: from logs, from timber, from piece material - brick house, foam blocks, gas blocks, . The choice is limited only by your financial capabilities and taste preferences. On the technological side, there are no restrictions.
Wooden houses
Traditional material for construction country house. Wood in all its forms remains a warm, reliable and environmentally friendly material. They are light in weight, which allows them to be placed on lightweight foundation options. A finely buried strip foundation, solid slab or pile foundation with strapping is ideal for these purposes.
Wooden houses can be assembled from solid timber, laminated veneer lumber, or logs. And with a small width of the walls it can be very warm.
Project and layout of a two-story cottage 10x10 made of timber
Wooden houses retain heat well and heat up very quickly even after complete cooling, which is important for country houses, which are used seasonally or only a few times during the winter.
Internal decorative finishing a wooden two-story house can be minimal, since the wood itself looks very natural and beautiful. This advantage attracts many homeowners, since final repairs account for a significant portion of the entire construction budget.
One of the main disadvantages of two-story houses made of timber and logs is the mandatory conditioning of the assembled box. It must be left for a period of 3 months to a year, and only after that make window and door openings, install double-glazed windows and begin the next stage of work. This is necessary so that houses made of timber or logs finally settle and take on their unchangeable shape.
Houses made of piece material
Houses made of brick, foam blocks or similar materials are reliable and durable if built strictly according to technology.
Layout of a cottage with an attic 6x9
Such structures have an impressive weight, which means that a high-quality foundation must be prepared for them: there will be no savings at this stage of work. Since a poorly made foundation will lead to the fact that a two-story house will walk, cracks will appear on the walls and its further operation can be completely dangerous.
Houses made of foam blocks and other piece materials that require laying on a special mortar are more suitable for permanent residence, and not for summer cottages.
Such a house retains its temperature well, but only if it is not allowed to cool down. Like any stone structure, such houses need to be heated for a very long time in order to achieve comfortable temperature. The stone is able to absorb heat for a long time.
The advantage of two-story houses made of brick and other piece materials is freedom in design.
Detailed house plan 6x8
A stone house can be of any shape, with various architectural features: balconies, bay windows, rounded corners, arches and other elements. It is possible to repeat similar things when building a house from timber or logs, but it is extremely difficult.
Houses using frame technologies
In a nutshell, it’s simple, fast and inexpensive. Freedom in construction, as when working with bricks and blocks, and performance qualities are similar to houses made of wood. The main advantages of such a two-story house will include:
- Low cost of the entire structure;
- Light weight, which will save on the foundation;
- Fast construction, building materials do not require curing;
- Simplicity and practicality in operation;
- When used environmentally pure materials, the house will not be inferior to a wooden one;
- Almost any size and shape of the building.
Optimal dimensions of a two-story house
The optimal minimum building area is considered to be a 7x8 meter rectangle or an 8x8 square.
Project of a two-story 8x8 cottage with a terrace and balcony
It is these dimensions that allow the rooms to be rationally located, where they will be located comfortably rather than in the attic, and there will also be room not only for the kitchen, living room and master bedrooms upstairs, but also for guests to have a place to stay.
With a smaller base, the structure can also exist, but then the layout of a two-story house will be inconvenient and non-functional. The living room will turn into a walk-through room, most of the usable space will be eaten up by the staircase, and upstairs, provided that not a full floor is being built, but an attic one, only one bedroom will fit. 
This option can be considered as a country house for one person or a married couple without children.
The upper limit for the size of a two-story house is limited only by common sense and specific needs. For a family of two with two or three children, a two-story house with a total area of 110-130 square meters will be sufficient. If we consider the total area of the house with a garage, then we can talk about an increase. Houses larger than this area will be very expensive to operate and maintain, and most of the premises, as practice shows, simply will not be used.
First floor layout
The drawings of the first floor of a two-story house must contain all the necessary premises for living. Among the obligatory ones:
- Kitchen;
- Living room;
- Entrance hall, also known as the hall;
- Guest bathroom;
- Boiler room;
- Tambour.
If the area of the first floor allows, then the following may also be present:
- Work office;
- Dining room;
- Guest room.
- gable;
- gable broken line;
- pitched roof.
The first two options can be classified as cheaper types in terms of cost, and they are also easier to implement. In these cases, roof slopes will be used for the sides, and pediments will be used for the ends. The latter should be lined with the same material as the first floor. The type of roof and roofing material must be determined at the stage when the project is being prepared.
You should also think in advance about how you will arrange and what you plan to place on the attic floor.
Is it worth making an attic floor in a house?
If you nevertheless decide to start building such a house, but are still thinking about the need for an attic, then it is better to decide for what purposes you are going to use it. For an accurate solution, it is worth considering in detail all the pros and cons of such a structure, but only from the point of view of its attic part.
Pros
- Significant savings. Building a two-story house with an attic is considered a more economical option when considering the construction of a three-story house, even though there will be costs for constructing a roof.
- Appearance. With the help of a complex gable roof with a break, as well as slopes at different angles, you can achieve an interesting appearance and attract attention.
- Interior. Using the attic space you can create an original, unique interior. However, to do this you need to correctly play with its shape. That is why, if you are a supporter of originality, then the attic is exactly what you need.
you can make an original attic like this in your home
Cons
Unfortunately, the attic has its own disadvantages:
- It is necessary to take a more careful approach to the arrangement of not only ventilation, but also thermal insulation. If technology is not followed, problems with freezing and moisture condensation may be identified.
- Problem with natural light. In the event that daylight can enter through typical vertical windows that are installed in a structure called a “birdhouse”, then it will not have a sufficient level of lighting. However, there are special windows that will help solve this problem.
- "Dead zone". The area of the attic part is practically no different from the area of the house, but its useful part is much smaller. This refers to a space near an inclined wall that cannot be approached closely. There is an option to order special furniture for this space, but then the “zest” of the room may disappear.
- You cannot work in this space or place a children's room. This is due to the fact that a person living in a room with sloping walls will feel a constant threat and internal anxiety.
General characteristics of the house
The total area of the entire structure is 185.5 square meters. m. The material used for the walls is a 400 mm aerated concrete block or brick. Monolithic slab needed for the foundation. Overlapping will be carried out using wooden beams. Metal tiles or soft tiles are used as roofing material. Siding of various colors is used for exterior decoration.
Now we can conclude that this scheme and layout of a two-story house with an attic and 3 bedrooms on the second floor is a structure that is not suitable for every family in its own way. technical features. However, this economical option, because the attic will serve as an additional floor.
Layout of a two-story house with a garage and veranda
The layout of the two-story house that will be presented in this project is completely new. It has many features, including living rooms on the ground floor. Such a project is perfect for a large family that values coziness and comfort.
So, you can get into the house through two entrances:
- The first (main) starts from a small porch and leads to the vestibule (3.1 sq. m.) then directly to the hall (7.6 sq. m.), from which you can go to the remaining living rooms.
- The second entrance begins with a small porch, the area of which is 2.3 square meters. m. From the porch you enter the veranda, which can be used as a winter garden.
Combining kitchen and living room
One of the features of this layout is the combination of a kitchen-dining room with a living room. Thus, the total area of the room is 61.2 square meters. m. Such an interior is often recommended by professional designers.
Advantages:
- A real increase in space.
- The boundaries of the room visually expand.
- Communication will become more convenient.
- Receiving guests will be more comfortable.
- While preparing food, the hostess will not be separated from other residents.
Disadvantages of this approach:
- You will have to do general cleaning more often.
- It is possible that aromas from cooking may spread, which are not always pleasant.
However, the biggest disadvantage is that the living room must be coordinated with the kitchen, that is, the design should be similar, but it is necessary to clearly separate the zones. The following techniques can be used for this:
- Using a bar counter.
- Accommodation kitchen furniture so that in the center there will be an island-shaped hood.
- Application of lighting.
- Try to use different floor coverings, for example, tiles in the kitchen and laminate in the living room. It is then that you get a dividing line that can be drawn even on the ceiling.
- Unusual color solutions on the surface of the walls, which, by the way, can be duplicated on the floor.
Try to choose the same and similar colors for furniture to show that this is, after all, a single room. However, do not forget about simple accessories; they will help focus attention on what you want.
Surrounding layout
You can exit from the kitchen-living room into the hall, not through ordinary doors, but through arches. They can be decorated beautifully and elegantly, or, conversely, brightly and catchily. It is recommended to insert multi-colored lights into them. You can also go from the hall to the bathroom (3.7 sq. m.) and the garage (22.7 sq. m.). From the street you can get into the boiler room (7.4 sq. m).
Most often, there are utility rooms on the ground floor, but this scheme violates all standards and includes the location of a guest bedroom on the ground floor. Its size is 14.4 sq. m. It is recommended to reserve this bedroom for small children or for elderly family members who find it difficult to go up and down the stairs.
Combined garage
And another “highlight” of the first floor is that. Usually its location depends on the size of the site, and what the territory may be useful for. This layout includes the fact that the site will be completely dedicated to the garden, so to save space there will be a garage combined with the house. It is worth noting that this solution and construction work for this reason, it will cost less than the construction of a detached garage.
Beautiful designs of two-story houses: photos, catalog
Layout of two-story house projects: advantages
We make any changes to the designs of two-story houses, create unique individual projects two-story houses, we offer reliable construction contractors so that your home will delight you for many years!
Two-story projects have a number of advantages and remain popular in 2017.
- First of all, the layout of two-story houses is more convenient than the layout of attic ones - there is no need to play with sloping ceilings, the living area of the second floor is larger. In addition, the cost estimate, as a rule, is not much different from an attic house.
- Two-story cottages take up much less space on the site than one-story ones.
- All projects of two-story houses require clear zoning: the second floor is dedicated to the night zone, and the first floor to the day zone.
- Although we should not forget that stairs can become a risk factor for young children and the elderly. Therefore, if space allows, the best solution would be to design an additional bedroom, or even two, on the ground floor.
Projects of two-story houses, photos, videos, diagrams and sketches of which are presented in this section, can be divided into two types according to style: modern classic and modern high-tech.
Regardless of the design of two-story houses, they are all ergonomic and cozy. There is convenient quick access to almost any room; they are logically located, depending on their purpose. Pantry next to the kitchen, technical premises in one block, often next to the garage, closets and bathrooms next to the bedrooms. For the most efficient use of space in small houses They try to make the rooms more spacious due to the smaller area of connecting and technical rooms.
Project plans for two-story houses Z500: design documentation and characteristic differences
When ordering plans for two-story houses from our company, you receive all 5 sections of project documentation: structural and architectural parts, water supply and sewerage wiring plans, ventilation and heating wiring plans, boiler piping, as well as electrical wiring plans (engineering sections are paid additionally). You can see detailed information about this.
Below is an example finished project two-story house.
Below, see a selection of popular two-story Z500 projects:
All projects of our company are protected by copyright and guarantee legal security to clients during the construction of private houses according to Z500 projects. Below we have placed a certificate that confirms that our company officially represents the international architectural bureau Z500 in Russia.
Buy our customized and standard projects private houses at average market prices and you can order their turnkey implementation on the company’s website or in companies that are presented in the partners section.
The original projects of our company are characterized by the following differences:
- On the cover of the architectural project there is a wet stamp with the identification number of the project documentation. The ID number belongs only to this instance of the project.
- The name of the project owner is applied diagonally on each project page in the form of a watermark.
- IN explanatory note On the first page there is a wet seal of the company and the signature of the director.
If at least one of the specified elements is missing, you can be sure that you purchased a pirated version of our project, which is not protected by copyright. In addition, the use of such a project for the construction of a new cottage is subject to penalties. We will be grateful to everyone who informs us about an attempt to sell fake project documentation in the name of our company.
We wish you to find in our rich collection a design project for a two-story house that meets your requirements. Enjoy watching!