Pollution environment
WATER POLLUTION Human settlements. The most well-known source of water pollution and the one that has traditionally received the most attention is domestic wastewater. Dissolved in waste water ah there are soap, synthetic washing powders, disinfectants, bleaches and other household chemicals. Paper waste coming from residential buildings, including toilet paper and baby diapers, plant and animal waste. Rain and melt water flows from the streets into sewers, often with sand or salt used to accelerate the melting of snow and ice on the roadways and sidewalks.
Industry. In industrialized countries, the main consumer of water and the largest source of wastewater is industry. Industrial wastewater into rivers is 3 times larger than municipal wastewater. Due to the growing volume of industrial waste, the ecological balance of many lakes and rivers is being disrupted, although most of the wastewater is non-toxic and not fatal to humans.
Agriculture. The second main consumer of water is agriculture, which uses it to irrigate fields. The water flowing from them is saturated with salt solutions and soil particles, as well as chemical residues that help increase productivity. These include insecticides; fungicides that are sprayed over orchards and crops; herbicides, a famous weed control agent; and other pesticides, as well as organic and inorganic fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other chemical elements.
Soil pollution Residential buildings and public utilities. Pollutants in this category of sources are dominated by household waste, food waste, construction waste, etc. All this is collected and taken to landfills. Burning garbage in city landfills is accompanied by the release of toxic substances that settle on the surface of the soil and are difficult to wash off with rain.
Agriculture Soil pollution in agriculture occurs due to the introduction of huge quantities of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. It is known that some pesticides contain mercury. Man's desire to take more and more from the soil leads to irrational use of land, and often to the complete disappearance of its fertility. Excessive application of mineral fertilizers and chemicals protecting plants from weeds and pests leads to its contamination. Heavy metals (for example, mercury) and radioactive substances emitted by some industrial enterprises accumulate in the soil. From the soil, these toxic substances enter living organisms, which can cause irreversible changes.
Air pollution The main cause of air pollution is the ingress of uncharacteristic physical, chemical and biological substances into it, as well as a change in their natural concentration. This happens as a result of natural processes, so due to human activity. Moreover, it is humans who play an increasingly important role in air pollution. The cause of most chemical and physical pollution is the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels during production electrical energy and during operation of vehicle engines.
One of the most toxic gases released into the atmosphere as a result of human activity is ozone. Lead contained in car exhaust gases is also toxic. Other hazardous pollutants include carbon monoxide, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, and fine dust. Every year, as a result of human industrial activity (during the generation of electricity, cement production, iron smelting, etc.), 170 million tons of dust enter the atmosphere.
The presentation was completed by Victoria Gushchikhina, a student of grade 11. Checked by technology teacher Kalmykova T.S.
Boyko Elena
This presentation is developed on the topic: "Environmental Pollution". Can be used in 10th grade technology lessons.
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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Presentation was made by: 10th grade student Elena Boyko
Environmental pollution Pollution is the process of negative modification of the environment - air, water, soil - through its intoxication with substances that threaten the life of living organisms. Types of pollution Biological - pollutants are organisms not native to the ecosystem. The most famous example is the uncontrolled breeding of rabbits in Australia. - Microbiological Mechanical - pollution with chemically inert debris, trampling of paths and other mechanical effects on the environment. Space debris Chemical - pollutants are harmful chemical compounds. Aerosol pollution - aerosol pollutant (a system of small particles) Physical Thermal - excessive heating of the environment. Light - excessive lighting. Noise Electromagnetic - radio pollution; may interfere with both the vital functions of some organisms and radio reception. Radioactive - excess of natural radioactive background. Visual pollution - damage to natural landscapes by buildings, wires, garbage, aircraft plumes, etc.
Soil pollution Soil pollution is a type of anthropogenic soil degradation in which the content of chemicals in soils subject to anthropogenic impact exceeds the natural regional background level of their content in soils. The main criterion for environmental pollution by various substances is the manifestation of signs of the harmful effects of these substances in the environment on certain types of living organisms, since the stability individual species the latter to chemical exposure varies significantly. An environmental hazard is represented by the fact that in the natural environment around humans, compared to natural levels, the content of certain chemicals is exceeded due to their receipt from anthropogenic sources. This danger can occur not only for the most sensitive species of living organisms. Ecosystem pollution is one of the types of its degradation, soil pollution is one of the most dangerous types of soil degradation and the ecosystem as a whole. Pollutants (pollutants) are substances of anthropogenic origin that enter the environment in quantities exceeding their natural levels.
Pollution fresh water Fresh water pollution is the entry of various pollutants into the waters of rivers, lakes, and groundwater. Occurs when contaminants are directly or indirectly introduced into water without adequate treatment and removal measures. In most cases, freshwater pollution remains invisible because the pollutants are dissolved in the water. But there are exceptions: foaming detergents, as well as oil products floating on the surface and raw sewage. There are several natural pollutants. Aluminum compounds found in the ground enter the fresh water system as a result of chemical reactions. Floods wash out magnesium compounds from the soil of meadows, which cause enormous damage to fish stocks.
Pollution of the Earth's atmosphere Pollution of the Earth's atmosphere is the introduction of new uncharacteristic physical, chemical and biological substances into the atmospheric air or a change in their natural concentration. Based on the sources of pollution, two types of air pollution are distinguished: natural artificial According to the nature of the pollutant, air pollution is of three types: physical - mechanical (dust, particulate matter), radioactive (radioactive radiation and isotopes), electromagnetic ( various types electromagnetic waves, including radio waves), noise (various loud sounds and low-frequency vibrations) and thermal pollution (for example, emissions of warm air, etc.) chemical - pollution with gaseous substances and aerosols. Today the main chemical pollutants atmospheric air these are: carbon monoxide (IV), nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, aldehydes, heavy metals, ammonia, atmospheric dust and radioactive isotopes, biological - mainly microbial pollution. For example, air pollution with vegetative forms and spores of bacteria and fungi, viruses, as well as their toxins and waste products.
Ocean Pollution The land and ocean are connected by rivers that flow into the seas and carry various pollutants. Chemicals that do not break down upon contact with soil, such as petroleum products, petroleum, fertilizers (especially nitrates and phosphates), insecticides and herbicides leaching into rivers and then into the ocean. As a result, the ocean becomes a dumping ground for this “cocktail” of nutrients and poisons. Oil and petroleum products are the main pollutants of the oceans, but the damage they cause is greatly aggravated by sewage, household waste and air pollution. Plastics and oil washed up on beaches remain along the high tide mark, indicating that the seas are polluted and that much waste is not biodegradable. A study of the North Sea found that about 65% of the pollutants found there were carried by rivers. Another 25% of the pollutants came from the atmosphere (including 7,000 tons of lead from car exhaust), 10% from direct discharges (mostly sewage), and the rest from ship discharges. Ten US states dump waste into the sea. In 1980, 160,000 tons of waste were destroyed this way, but this figure has since decreased.
A presentation on the topic “Environmental Pollution” was prepared by Elena Boyko, a student of 10th grade.
Environmental pollution
Completed by geography teacher: Tatyana Vasilievna Akhmadieva
Goal: To prove the relevance of the problem. Objectives: Find out the main sources of environmental pollution, Ways to solve the problem of environmental pollution.
Introduction:
The natural environment serves as a condition and means of human life, the territory in which he lives, the spatial limit of the activities carried out state power, a place for placing industrial, agricultural and other cultural and community facilities. Man influences his natural environment not only by consuming its resources, but also by changing the natural environment, adapting it to solve his practical, economic problems. Because of this, human activity has a significant impact on the environment, subjecting it to changes, which then affect the person himself.
Forms of human interaction with the environment:
Economic is the consumption of nature by man, the use of nature to satisfy man’s material and spiritual needs. Ecological is the protection of the natural environment with the aim of preserving man as a biological and social organism and his natural habitat. Rational use natural resources. The concept of “rational” includes not only economic, but also environmental content. In other words, rational is the economical, careful use of sources natural raw materials, natural resources taking into account environmental protection requirements.
Negative human activity in relation to the natural environment manifests itself objectively in three interrelated forms:
Pollution of the natural environment. Depletion of natural resources. Destruction of the natural environment.
Pollution.
Environmental pollution is divided into several types: Dust. Gas. Chemical (including soil contamination with chemicals). Aromatic. thermal (temperature change). And many others. The source of environmental pollution is human economic activity (industry, agriculture, transport).
Of all types of pollution, the main ones can be identified:
MAIN TYPES OF POLLUTION MAIN TYPES OF POLLUTION MAIN TYPES OF POLLUTION MAIN TYPES OF POLLUTION
Physical (thermal, noise, electromagnetic, light, radioactive) Chemical (heavy metals, pesticides, plastics and other chemicals) Biological (biogenic, microbiological, genetic) Information (information noise, false information, anxiety factors
Environmental pollution. Environmental pollution. Environmental pollution.
Main sources of pollution. Main harmful substances.
Atmosphere Industry Transport Thermal power plants Oxides of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen Organic compounds Industrial dust.
Hydrosphere WastewaterOil leaksMotor transport Heavy metalsOilPetroleum products
Lithosphere Industrial and Agricultural waste Excessive use of fertilizers Plastics Rubber Heavy metals
The atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (aquatic environment) and lithosphere (solid surface) of the Earth are subject to pollution.
Depletion of natural resources:
Extraction of mineral resources to the point where further development is unprofitable. Exceeding the rate and volume of production over the ability of natural renewal of renewable resources. These are: overcutting of forests, overfishing, overgrazing of livestock and failure of pastures, non-compliance with agrotechnical measures during soil cultivation and depletion of their fertility, pollution of watercourses and reservoirs with industrial waste so that they cannot be practically used, air pollution in major cities etc. I.p.r. it can also be natural. For example, the rapid reproduction of the muskrat led in some areas to the destruction of its food and the death of the animal; reproduction of the mink leads to the disappearance of some species of fish - its food, etc. With the development and progress of society, the use of natural resources increases, so the problem of preventing this process arises.
Nature conservation
This form is a reaction to destructive human activities in the environment. Unlike consumption, it is a conscious form of social and government activities aimed at preserving and reproducing natural resources. Being a secondary form of interaction between society and nature, nature conservation emerges and improves as consumption and use of the natural environment grows. Protection appears and improves where there is a threat of destruction of the natural environment, where consumption of nature arises and develops.
Rational use of natural resources
The concept of “rational” includes not only economic, but also environmental content. In other words, rational is the economical, careful use of sources of natural raw materials, natural resources, taking into account the requirements of environmental protection. Therefore, such careful, economical, efficient use of natural resources, which leaves a deep negative mark on the state of the environment, cannot be considered rational. In the middle of the 20th century. (50-60s) the problem of rational use of natural resources as a form of nature conservation develops into the protection and improvement of the human environment. Unlike previous forms, where the direct object of protection was natural objects and their resources, here the protection of the natural environment puts forward as the direct object of protection - man, his life, his health, his genetic future.
Rational use of natural resources:
In the middle of the 20th century. (50-60s) the problem of rational use of natural resources as a form of nature conservation develops into the protection and improvement of the human environment. Unlike previous forms, where the direct object of protection was natural objects and their resources, here the protection of the natural environment puts forward as the direct object of protection - man, his life, his health, his genetic future.
Necessary:
Purification of harmful emissions (for example, using filters). Use of wastewater treatment plants. Elimination of the very causes of pollution, which requires the development of low-waste, and in the future, waste-free production technologies that would allow for the comprehensive use of raw materials and the disposal of a maximum of substances harmful to the biosphere. Introduction to educational institutions environmental education that develops respect for nature.
Conclusion:
As a result, we can say that the problem of protecting the natural environment in all its three forms - conservative, rational use of natural resources and improving the human environment - from a regional one is gradually turning into a national one, and then international problem, the solution of which depends on the joint efforts of the entire international community. To solve the problem globally, it is necessary to ensure interaction between international environmental protection, related to the implementation of international obligations and treaties, and national and regional environmental protection. Pollution of the natural environment with waste harmful to humans, depletion of natural resources and the threat of destruction of ecological connections in nature are steadily leading to a global crisis.
References:
Yakoviev V.N. Environmental law. K., 1998 Sheshuchenko Yu.S. Legal problems of ecology. Kyiv, 1989 Petrov V.V. Environmental law of Russia, M., 1997. http://www.bestreferat.ru/referat-62209.html
Classification of types of environmental pollution1
Classification of types of environmental pollution
Mechanical Clogging of the environment by agents that have only a mechanical effect without
chemical-physical consequences (for example, garbage)
Chemical
Change chemical properties environments that have a negative impact on
ecosystems and technological devices
Physical
Changes in the physical parameters of the environment: temperature and energy (thermal
or thermal), wave (light, noise, electromagnetic), radiation
(radiation or radioactive), etc.
Thermal
An increase in environmental temperature, mainly due to industrial
(thermal) emissions of heated air, waste gases and water; may arise and how
secondary result of change chemical composition environment
Light
Disruption of natural light in the area as a result of
artificial light sources; leads to abnormalities in plants and animals
Noise
Increasing noise intensity above natural levels; leads to an increase
fatigue, decreased mental activity and, at 90-100 dB, hearing loss
Electromagnetic change in the electromagnetic properties of the environment (from power lines, radio and
thread
television, industrial installations, etc.) leads to global and local
geographic anomalies and changes in fine biological structures
Radiation Exceeding the natural level of radioactive substances in the environment
Biological Penetration into ecosystems and technological devices of animal species and
plants alien to these communities and devices
. Biotic The spread of unwanted nutrients where they have not previously been observed
Microbiological
a) The appearance of a large number of microorganisms associated with their reproduction
in anthropogenic environments modified by human economic activity;
b) Acquisition of pathogenic properties by a previously harmless form of microorganisms.
Sources of air pollution
2Sources of air pollution
- industrial enterprises, first of all,
chemical,
petrochemical
And
metallurgical plants;
- heat generating installations (thermal
power plants,
heating
And
industrial boiler houses);
- transport, primarily automobile.
Emissions from energy facilities account for
about 60%, transport 20-25%, industry
15-20%.
Effects of air pollution
3Effects of air pollution
Sanitary and hygienic consequences. Since air is a medium,
which a person remains throughout his life and on which his health depends,
the presence of even small concentrations of harmful substances in the air can
adversely affect a person, lead to irreversible consequences and
even to death.
Environmental consequences. Air is the most important element of the environment
environment in continuous contact with all other living and
dead nature. Deterioration of air quality due to the presence of
various pollutants leads to the death of forests, agricultural crops
crops, grass, animals, pollution of water bodies, as well as
damage to cultural monuments, building structures, various kinds
structures, etc.
Economic consequences. Dust and gas pollution in the air
production premises leads to a decrease in labor productivity. In
In many industries, the presence of dust in the air impairs the quality
products, accelerates equipment wear. In the process of production, extraction,
transportation of many types of materials, raw materials, finished products some of these
substances turns into dust and is lost, polluting at the same time
environment.
Characteristics of dust and gas air pollutants
4Characteristics of dust and gas air pollutants
Dust and other aerosols.
Cyanides.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Nitrogen oxides are a mixture of nitrogen compounds in different ratios. Very
common harmful substances released during the production of nitric acid, when
fertilizer production, explosive
Aromatic hydrocarbons.
Lead (Pb).
Mercury (Hg).
Manganese (Mn)
Zinc (Zn).
Chromium (Cr).
Nickel (Ni)
Carcinogenic substances.
radioactive substances.
microorganisms
Dust and other aerosols.
5Dust and other aerosols.
Air quality, its impact on the body, as well as equipment and technological processes largely
due to the content of suspended particles in it, mainly dust.
Dust of technological origin is characterized by a wide variety of chemical composition,
the size of the particles, their shape, density, the nature of the edges of the particles, etc. Accordingly, the impact is varied
dust on the human body and the environment.
Dust causes harm to the body as a result of mechanical impact (damage to the respiratory system
sharp edges of dust), chemical (poisoning by toxic dust), bacteriological (together with dust in
pathogenic microorganisms enter the body).
According to hygienists, dust particles measuring 5 microns or less can penetrate deeply into the lungs
up to the alveoli. Dust particles 5-10 microns in size are mainly retained in the upper respiratory tract,
almost without penetrating into the lungs. Dust has a harmful effect on the respiratory system, eyesight, skin, and
penetration into the human body - also into the digestive tract.
The most severe consequences are caused by systematic inhalation of dust containing free dioxide
silicon SiO2. The result is silicosis. This is a form of lung disease associated with inhalation
dusty air - pneumoconiosis. Exposure to dust on the organ of vision causes conjunctivitis, on the skin -
dermatitis.
Dust in industrial premises has adverse effect on the equipment, calling
for example, its intensive wear. Dust deposited on heating and cooling surfaces worsens conditions
heat exchange, etc. Dust deposition on electrical equipment may lead to disruption of its operation,
to accidents.
Organic dusts, such as flour dust, can be a breeding ground for the development of microorganisms.
Dust particles can act as condensation nuclei for liquid vapors. Along with dust, they can enter the room
penetrate substances that cause intense corrosion of metals, etc. Many dusts form with air
explosive mixtures.
Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide CO)
6Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide CO)
- colorless gas, odorless. Highly toxic substance. Density relative to
air 0.967. Formed as a result of incomplete combustion of carbon (carbon combustion
in conditions of lack of oxygen). CO emissions occur in foundries,
thermal, forging shops, in boiler houses, especially those operating on coal
fuel, CO is contained in the exhaust gases of cars, tractors, etc. Through the lungs
CO
penetrates
V
blood.
Entering
V
compound
With
hemoglobin,
forms
carboxyhemoglobin. This disrupts the oxygen supply to the body. IN
In severe cases, suffocation occurs.
Cyanide
7Cyanide
Cyanides include: cyanide (hydrocyanic acid) 1 acid (HCN), its salts (KCN, NaCN,
CH3CN) and others. HCN is a colorless liquid with the smell of bitter almonds. Cyanide
sodium and potassium are colorless crystals, faintly smelling of hydrocyanic acid.
Hydrocyanic acid is used in the production of nitrile rubber, a synthetic
fiber and organic glass, when extracting precious metals from ores, etc.
Sodium and potassium cyanides are used in electroplating shops for metal coating
copper, brass, gold, in pharmaceutical production.
Hydrocyanic acid can enter the body through mucous membranes
respiratory tract and digestive tract, in small amounts through
skin. Hydrocyanic acid salts enter the body in the form of dust through the mouth.
cavity. Hydrocyanic acid and its compounds are highly toxic. Cyanides received
into the body, disrupt blood circulation and oxygen supply to the body.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
8Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
- colorless gas with the smell of rotten eggs. Boiling point 60.9°C, density according to
relative to air 1.19. Burns with a blue flame producing water and dioxide
sulfur.
Occurs during the processing, production or use of barium sulfide,
sodium sulphide, antimony, in the leather industry, in the beet sugar industry
production, in artificial silk factories, during oil production and refining
and other industries. Enters the body through the lungs in small quantities
through the skin. It is highly toxic. Odor threshold 0.012…0.03 mg
/m3, a concentration of about 11 mg/m3 is difficult to tolerate even for those accustomed to it.
Affects the central nervous system, disrupts the blood supply to the body. At
at low concentrations it has an irritating effect on the mucous membrane
membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract.
Sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide SO2)
9Sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide SO2)
- colorless gas with a pungent odor. Density relative to air 2.213.
Occurs when burning fuel containing sulfur in boiler houses, forges,
foundries, sulfuric acid production, copper smelters
factories, leather production and a number of others. A very common harmful
substance
organism
arrives
through
respiratory
ways.
Renders
strong
irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. At
higher concentrations may have more severe consequences, including loss
consciousness, pulmonary edema.
Nitrogen oxides
10Nitrogen oxides
are a mixture of nitrogen compounds in different ratios. Very
common harmful substances released during the production of nitric acid,
in the production of fertilizers, during blasting operations, etc. They enter the body through
respiratory tract. At low concentrations and low content in the mixture
nitrogen dioxide irritates the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract
ways. With a high content of nitrogen dioxide in the mixture and a high concentration
mixtures in the air, suffocation occurs.
Aromatic hydrocarbons.
11Aromatic hydrocarbons.
Benzene, toluene, and xylene are widely used in production. They are obtained by distillation
coal at coke plants and oil refining.
IN
Under normal conditions they are in a liquid state. Boiling point
benzene (C6H6) 80.1°C; toluene (C6H5CH3) 110.8°C; xylene ((CH3)2C6H4) 144°C.
Enter the body through the respiratory tract and skin. The most dangerous is
benzene. Aromatic hydrocarbons act on the hematopoietic organs and
central nervous system.
Metals
12Metals
Lead (Pb). Lead and its compounds are released into the air at industrial plants.
lead smelting, production of batteries, lead paints, production
fractions, etc. Lead enters the body mostly through the respiratory tract, and
also through the digestive tract.
Lead disrupts the functioning of the circulatory system and the central nervous system,
digestive systems, metabolic processes in the body. May accumulate in
various organs (bones, brain, liver, muscles), Release of lead from the body
occurs over a long period of time (months, years).
Metals
13Metals
Mercury (Hg). Mercury is used in production measuring instruments(ter-
momentometers, barometers), mercury fulminate, mercury rectifiers, obtaining gold from
ores, etc. Under production conditions, mercury vapor enters the body through the organs
breathing. When mercury enters the body, it mainly affects the nervous system.
system and gastrointestinal tract, kidneys. Mercury can accumulate in
body, mainly in the liver and kidneys. Finely dispersed mercury can
get into the pores of materials (plaster, wood, etc.) and long time highlight
mercury vapor.
Metals
14Metals
Manganese (Mn) is a silvery metal with a red tint. Melting point
1210…1260°С, boiling point 1900°С. Common manganese compounds:
manganese oxide, manganese dioxide, manganese chloride.
WITH
manganese
have to
collide
V
metallurgical
industry
(production of high-quality steels), glass and chemical industries, with
welding, mining and processing of manganese ores, etc.
Manganese and its compounds enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract in
the form of dust. They affect the central nervous system.
Metals
15Metals
Zinc (Zn). The harmful substance is zinc oxide - a white friable powder. Oxide
zinc can be obtained by the oxidation of zinc when it is heated above
melting temperature (939°C).
When zinc is heated above its melting point (939°C), zinc vapor is formed,
which, when combined with oxygen, form zinc oxide (ZnO).
Contact with zinc oxide may occur during the manufacture of zinc white, casting
brass, its cutting, etc. Zinc oxide in the form of dust enters the body through
respiratory tract. Effects of zinc oxide on the body - phenomena
fever. Zinc is mainly deposited in the liver and pancreas.
Metals
16Metals
catalyst,
at
production, etc.
nickel plating
metal
products
V
galvanic
Metals
17Metals
Chromium (Cr). Chrome is a hard, shiny metal. Melting point 1615°C,
boiling point 2200°C. Chromium compounds used: chromium oxide, dioxide
chromium, chrome potassium and sodium alum, etc. Chromium and its compounds
used in metallurgy, chemical, leather, textile, paint and varnish,
match and other industries. They enter through the respiratory tract into
in the form of dust, fog vapors, through the gastrointestinal tract, absorbed through the skin into
in the form of solutions. May be deposited in the liver, kidneys, endocrine system, lungs,
hair, etc. Chromium and its compounds affect the mucous membrane of the respiratory system,
gastrointestinal tract, cause ulcers on the skin. Like allergens, they
cause a disease such as bronchial asthma.
Metals
18Metals
Nickel (Ni) is a silvery white metal with a brown tint. Temperature
melting point 1425°C, boiling point 2900°C. Finds application in production
nickel and chromium-nickel steel, alloys with copper, iron, as
catalyst,
at
nickel plating
metal
products
V
galvanic
production, etc.
IN
the body enters nickel and its compounds through the respiratory tract in the form
dust. Nickel and its compounds cause damage to the respiratory system, skin
cover.
Carcinogenic substances.
19Carcinogenic substances.
A number of substances used in industry can cause malignant
tumors in various parts of the body. Such substances are chromium, arsenic, nickel,
asbestos, beryllium, soot, resin, pitch, mineral oils and a number of others. These
neoplasms can occur even after a significant period (several years) after
stop working with the relevant substances.
Very
specific
harmfulness
represent
yourself
unpleasant
smells,
the sources of which are gases and aerosol particles, usually in small
quantities in the air. Odors have an adverse effect on
human body, causing increased fatigue, nervous agitation or,
on the contrary, depression. Unpleasant odors can be encountered in areas
location of chemical plants, as well as plants where
recycling
agricultural
meat processing plants, tobacco factories, etc.
organic
raw materials
For example,
close 20
IN
In recent decades, a new type of air pollution has emerged -
radioactive substances. Development nuclear energy and mining industry
and processing of nuclear energy carriers is associated with release into the environment
radionuclide environment. These substances are highly variable in terms of
intensity of impact on the human body and animals, on the environment,
as well as the time of its existence - from fractions of a second to millennia.
IN
The air environment also contains microorganisms - bacteria and viruses.
The nutrient medium for their reproduction and development is biological
processes occurring both in industry and in agriculture.
Basic properties of aerosols
21Basic properties of aerosols
Dispersity
Sedimentation particle diameter
Density
Specific surface
Dust stickiness
Flowability of dust
Dynamic angle of repose
Hygroscopicity of dust
Dust wettability
Electrical properties of dust
Electrical resistivity (ER)
Electric charge of dust
Flammability and explosiveness of dust
Harmful gases and vapors
22Harmful gases and vapors
Classification of waters and properties of aqueous disperse systems
23Classification of waters and properties of aqueous disperse systems
Classification of industrial waste
243031Hydromechanical
cleaning processes
gas emissions 32
Processes
mass transfer 33
Catalytic processes
atmospheric protection
air 34
Physico-chemical
protection processes
atmospheric air 35
Thermal processes
atmospheric protection
air
Main types of sourcesMain types of sources of pollution: Industrial, domestic wastewater, agricultural.Industrial, domestic wastewater, agricultural. Household waste. Household waste. Pollution by oil and petroleum products. Pollution by oil and petroleum products. Pollution with heavy metal ions. Pollution with heavy metal ions. Acid rain leads to acidification of water bodies and the death of ecosystems. Acid rain leads to acidification of water bodies and the death of ecosystems. Transport.Transport.
The huge mass of water in the World Ocean shapes the planet’s climate and serves as a source of precipitation. More than half of the oxygen in the atmosphere comes from the ocean, and it also regulates the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere. The huge mass of water in the World Ocean shapes the planet’s climate and serves as a source of precipitation. More than half of the oxygen in the atmosphere comes from the ocean, and it also regulates the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.
Pollution of oceans and seas. Every year more than 10 million tons of oil enter the World Ocean and up to 20% of its area is already covered with an oil film. This is due to the fact that oil and gas production in the World Ocean has become an essential component of the oil and gas complex. Every year more than 10 million tons of oil enter the World Ocean and up to 20% of its area is already covered with an oil film. This is due to the fact that oil and gas production in the World Ocean has become an essential component of the oil and gas complex.
Pollution of oceans and seas. Oil and petroleum products are the main pollutants of the water basin. Oil and petroleum products are the main pollutants of the water basin. As a result of oil production from pipelines connecting oil platforms with the mainland, about 3,000 tons of petroleum products leaked into the sea every year. As a result of oil production from pipelines connecting oil platforms with the mainland, about 3,000 tons of petroleum products leaked into the sea every year.
Pollution of oceans and seas. Up to 2 million seabirds and 100 thousand marine animals die every year after swallowing any plastic products or becoming entangled in scraps of nets and cables. Up to 2 million seabirds and 100 thousand marine animals die every year after swallowing any plastic products or becoming entangled in scraps of nets and cables.
Pollution of oceans and seas. Germany, Belgium, Holland, England - dumped toxic acids into the North Sea, mainly 18-20% sulfuric acid, heavy metals with soil and sewage sludge containing arsenic and mercury, as well as hydrocarbons, including toxic dioxide. Germany, Belgium, Holland, England - dumped toxic acids into the North Sea, mainly 18-20% sulfuric acid, heavy metals with soil and sewage sludge containing arsenic and mercury, as well as hydrocarbons, including toxic dioxide.
Pollution of oceans and seas. A serious environmental threat to life in the World Ocean and, therefore, for humans is posed by the burial of radioactive waste (RAW) on the seabed and the dumping of liquid radioactive waste (LRW) into the sea. A serious environmental threat to life in the World Ocean and, therefore, for humans is posed by burial of radioactive waste (RAW) on the seabed and discharge of liquid radioactive waste (LRW) into the sea.
Pollution of rivers and lakes. Large quantity wastewater and petroleum products enter rivers and lakes in various regions of the world. Large amounts of wastewater and petroleum products enter rivers and lakes in various regions of the world. Pesticides pose a particular threat. Moving along the food chain, pesticides reach a high degree of concentration. Pesticides pose a particular threat. Moving along the food chain, pesticides reach a high degree of concentration. Liquid radioactive industrial waste also poses a great threat. nuclear fuel and weapons-grade plutonium. Liquid radioactive waste from the production of nuclear fuel and weapons-grade plutonium also poses a great threat.
Groundwater pollution. Groundwater, like other elements of the environment, experiences the polluting influence of human economic activity.Groundwater, like other elements of the environment, experiences the polluting influence of human economic activity. They suffer from pollution from oil fields, mining enterprises... The area of groundwater pollution centers reaches hundreds of square kilometers. They suffer from pollution from oil fields, mining enterprises... The area of groundwater pollution centers reaches hundreds of square kilometers.
The predominant substances that pollute groundwater are: petroleum products, phenols, heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury), sulfates, chlorides, nitrogen compounds. The predominant substances that pollute groundwater are: petroleum products, phenols, heavy metals ( copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury), sulfates, chlorides, nitrogen compounds. The list of substances controlled in groundwater is not regulated, so it is impossible to get an accurate picture of groundwater pollution. The list of substances controlled in groundwater is not regulated, so it’s impossible to get an accurate picture of groundwater pollution.
Protecting water resources from depletion and pollution and their rational use for the needs of the national economy is one of the most important problems that needs to be solved. In Russia, environmental protection measures are widely implemented, in particular for the treatment of industrial wastewater. The protection of water resources from depletion and pollution and their rational use for the needs of the national economy is one of the most important problems that need to be solved. In Russia, environmental protection measures are widely implemented, in particular for the treatment of industrial wastewater.
One of the main areas of work to protect water resources is the introduction of new technological production processes, the transition to closed (drainless) water supply cycles. One of the main areas of work to protect water resources is the introduction of new technological production processes, the transition to closed (drainless) water supply cycles. In the chemical industry, a wider introduction of low-waste and waste-free technological processes that give the greatest environmental effect is planned. In the chemical industry, a wider introduction of low-waste and waste-free technological processes is planned, which give the greatest environmental effect.
The pollution of water discharged by an enterprise can be significantly reduced by separating valuable impurities from wastewater. The pollution of water discharged by an enterprise can be significantly reduced by isolating valuable impurities from wastewater. The complexity of solving these problems at chemical industry enterprises lies in the variety of technological processes and resulting products. The complexity of solving these problems at chemical industry enterprises lies in the variety of technological processes and resulting products.
Thus, the protection and rational use of water resources is one of the links in the complex global problem of nature conservation. Thus, the protection and rational use of water resources is one of the links in the complex global problem of nature conservation.
Perhaps no problem currently causes such lively discussions among humanity as the problem of pollution of the World Ocean. Recent decades have been marked by increased anthropogenic* impacts on marine ecosystems as a result of pollution of the seas and oceans. *Anthropogenic impacts are impacts on nature as a result of human activity.
