In the article we will talk about the great discoveries of the 20th century. It is not surprising that since ancient times people have tried to make their wildest dreams come true. At the turn of the last century, incredible things were invented that changed the life of the whole world.
X-rays
Let's start the list of great discoveries of the 20th century by considering electromagnetic radiation, which was actually discovered in late XIX century. The author of the invention was the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen. The scientist noticed that when the current was turned on, a slight glow began to appear in the cathode tube coated with barium crystals. There is another version, according to which the wife brought dinner to her husband, and he noticed that he could see her bones visible through the skin. These are all versions, but there are also facts. For example, Wilhelm Roentgen refused to obtain a patent for his invention, because he believed that this activity could not generate real income. Thus, we rank X-rays among the great discoveries of the 20th century, which influenced the development of scientific and technological potential.
TV
More recently, a television was a thing that testified to the wealth of its owner, but in modern world television faded into the background. Moreover, the idea of the invention itself originated in the 19th century simultaneously with the Russian inventor Porfiry Gusev and the Portuguese professor Adriano de Paiva. They were the first to say that a device would soon be invented that would allow image transmission via wire. The first receiver, whose screen size was only 3 by 3 cm, was demonstrated to the world by Max Dieckmann. At the same time, Boris Rosing proved that it was possible to use a cathode ray tube in order to be able to convert an electrical signal into an image. In 1908, physicist Hovhannes Adamyan from Armenia patented a signal transmission apparatus consisting of two colors. It is believed that the first television was developed at the beginning of the 20th century in America. It was collected by Russian emigrant Vladimir Zvorykin. It was he who split the light beam into green, red and blue, thus obtaining a color image. He called this invention an iconoscope. In the West, John Bird is considered the inventor of television, who was the first to patent a device that creates a picture of 8 lines.
Mobile phones
The first mobile phone appeared in the 70s of the last century. One day, an employee of the famous Motorola company, which was developing portable devices, Martin Cooper, showed his friends a huge handset. Then they did not believe that something like this could be invented. Later, while walking around Manhattan, Martin called his boss at a competitor's company. Thus, for the first time in practice, he demonstrated the effectiveness of his huge telephone handset. Soviet scientist Leonid Kupriyanovich conducted similar experiments 15 years earlier. This is why it is quite difficult to definitely talk about who is actually the opener of portable devices. In any case, mobile phones are a worthy discovery of the 20th century, without which you can’t imagine modern life It's simply impossible.
Computer
One of the greatest scientific discoveries of the 20th century is the invention of the computer. Agree that today it is impossible to work or relax without this device. A few years ago, computers were used only in special laboratories and organizations, but today they are a common thing in every family. How was this super machine invented?
The German Konrad Zuse in 1941 created a computer that, in fact, could perform the same operations as a modern computer. The difference was that the machine worked using telephone relays. A year later, American physicist John Atanasov and his graduate student Clifford Berry jointly developed an electronic computer. However, this project was not completed, so it cannot be said that they are the real creators of such a device. In 1946, John Mauchly demonstrated what he claimed was the first electronic computer, ENIAC. Much time passed, and huge boxes replaced small and thin devices. By the way, personal computers appeared only at the end of the last century.
Internet
The great technological discovery of the 20th century is the Internet. Agree that without it, even the most powerful computer is not that useful, especially in the modern world. Many people do not like to watch TV, but they forget that the Internet has long seized power over human consciousness. Who came up with the idea of such a global international network? She appeared in a group of scientists in the 50s of the last century. They wanted to create a high-quality network that would be difficult to hack or eavesdrop on. The reason for this idea was the Cold War.
During the Cold War, US authorities used a certain device that allowed data to be transmitted over a distance without the need for mail or telephone. This device was called APRA. Later, scientists from research centers in different states began creating the APRANET network. Already in 1969, thanks to this invention, it was possible to connect all the computers of the universities represented by this group of scientists. After 4 years, other research centers joined this network. After e-mail appeared, the number of people wanting to penetrate the World Wide Web began to quickly grow exponentially. Regarding current state, then at the moment more than 3 billion people use the Internet every day.
Parachute
Despite the fact that the idea of a parachute came to the mind of Leonardo da Vinci, this invention in its modern form is still considered one of the great discoveries of the 20th century. With the advent of aeronautics, regular jumps began from large balloons, to which half-opened parachutes were attached. Already in 1912, one American decided to jump from an airplane with such a device. He successfully landed on earth and became the bravest resident of America. Later, engineer Gleb Kotelnikov invented a parachute made entirely of silk. He also managed to pack it into a small backpack. The invention was tested on a moving car. Thus, they came up with a braking parachute that would allow the emergency braking system to be activated. Thus, before the outbreak of World War I, the scientist received a patent for his invention in France, and thus became the discoverer of the parachute in the 20th century.
Physicists
Now let's talk about the great physicists of the 20th century and their discoveries. Everyone knows that physics is the basis without which it is in principle impossible to imagine the comprehensive development of any other science.
Let us note Planck's quantum theory. In 1900, German professor Max Planck discovered a formula that described the distribution of energy in the spectrum of a black body. Note that before this it was believed that energy was always distributed evenly, but the inventor proved that the distribution occurs proportionally thanks to quanta. The scientist compiled a report that no one believed at that time. However, just 5 years later, thanks to Planck’s findings, the great scientist Einstein was able to create the quantum theory of the photoelectric effect. Thanks to quantum theory, Niels Bohr was able to build a model of the atom. Thus, Planck created a powerful basis for further discoveries.
We must not forget about the greatest discovery of the 20th century - the discovery of the theory of relativity by Albert Einstein. The scientist managed to prove that gravity is a consequence of the curvature of four-dimensional space, namely time. He also explained the effect of time dilation. Thanks to Einstein's discoveries, it was possible to calculate many astrophysical quantities and distances.
The greatest discoveries of the 19th and 20th centuries include the invention of the transistor. First working device was created in 1947 by researchers from America. Scientists have experimentally confirmed the correctness of their ideas. In 1956, they already received the Nobel Prize for their discoveries. Thanks to them, a new era began in electronics.
Medicine
Let's begin our consideration of the great discoveries in medicine of the 20-21st centuries with the invention of penicillin by Alexander Fleming. It is known that this valuable substance was found to have resulted from negligence. Thanks to Fleming's discovery, people stopped being afraid of the most dangerous diseases. In the same century, the structure of DNA was discovered. Its discoverers are considered to be Francis Crick and James Watson, who using cardboard and metal created the first model of the DNA molecule. An incredible sensation was created by the information that all living organisms have the same DNA structure. For this revolutionary discovery, scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize.
The great discoveries of the 20th and 21st centuries continue with the discovery of the possibility of organ transplantation. Such actions were perceived as something unrealistic for quite a long time, but already in the last century scientists realized that it was possible to achieve a safe, high-quality transplant. The official discovery of this fact took place in 1954. Then American doctor Joseph Murray transplanted a kidney to one of his patients from his twin brother. Thus, he showed that it is possible to transplant a foreign organ into a person, and he will live for a long time.
In 1990, the doctor was awarded the Nobel Prize. However long time specialists transplanted everything except the heart. Finally, in 1967, an elderly man received a young woman's heart. Then the patient managed to live only 18 days, but today people with donor organs and hearts live for many years.
Ultrasound
Also important inventions of the last century in the field of medicine include ultrasound, without which it is very difficult to imagine treatment. In the modern world, it is difficult to find a person who has not undergone an ultrasound scan. The invention dates back to 1955. In vitro fertilization is considered the most incredible discovery of the last century. British scientists managed to fertilize an egg in laboratory conditions, and then place it in a woman’s uterus. As a result, the world famous “test tube girl” Louise Brown was born.
Great geographical discoveries of the 20th century
In the last century, Antarctica was explored in detail. Thanks to this, scientists received the most accurate data on the climatic conditions and fauna of Antarctica. Russian academician Konstantin Markov created the world's first atlas of Antarctica. We will continue the great discoveries of the early 20th century in the field of geography with an expedition that went to the Pacific Ocean. Soviet researchers measured the deepest oceanic trench, which was named Mariana.
Marine atlas
Later, a marine atlas was created, which made it possible to study the direction of currents, winds, determine depth and temperature distribution. One of the most high-profile discoveries of the last century was the discovery of Lake Vostok under a huge layer of ice in Antarctica.
As we already know, the last century was very rich in various kinds of discoveries. We can say that there has been a real breakthrough in almost all areas. The potential capabilities of scientists from all over the world have reached their maximum, thanks to which the world is currently developing by leaps and bounds. Many discoveries have become turning points in the history of all mankind, especially when it comes to research in the field of medicine.
Incredible facts
History is a fairly vast subject and it is impossible to study it completely, especially in great detail.
Sometimes these seemingly insignificant details can become the very part of it.
Here are some interesting facts from history that won't be taught in class.
1. Albert Einstein could have become president. In 1952, he was offered the post of second president of Israel, but he refused.
2. Kim Jong Il was a good composer and a lifelong Korean leader composed 6 operas.
3. The Leaning Tower of Pisa has always been leaning. In 1173, the team building the Leaning Tower of Pisa noticed that the base was curved. Construction stopped for almost 100 years, but the structure was never straight.
4. Arabic numerals were not invented by Arabs, and Indian mathematicians.
5. Before the invention of alarm clocks, there was a profession that consisted of wake other people in the morning. For example, a person would shoot dried peas at other people's windows to wake them up for work.
6. Grigory Rasputin survived many assassination attempts in one day. They tried to poison him, shoot him and stab him, but he managed to survive. In the end, Rasputin died in the cold river.
7. The shortest war in history lasted less than an hour. The Anglo-Zanzibar War lasted 38 minutes.
8. Longest war in history occurred between the Netherlands and the Scilly Archipelago. The war lasted 335 years from 1651 to 1989, and both sides suffered no casualties.
People, stories and facts
9. This amazing species known as " Majestic Argentine bird", whose wingspan reached 7 meters, is the largest flying bird in history. It lived about 6 million years ago in the open plains of Argentina and the Andes. The bird is related to modern vultures and storks, and its feathers reached the size of a samurai sword.
10. Using sonar, researchers discovered at a depth of 1.8 km two strange pyramids. Scientists have determined that they are made of a kind of thick glass and reach enormous sizes (larger than the Cheops pyramids in Egypt).
11. These two men with the same name were sentenced to the same prison and look very similar. However, they have never met, are not related and are the reason why fingerprints began to be used in the judicial system.
12. Foot binding– ancient Chinese tradition, when girls had their toes tied to their feet. The idea was that the smaller the foot, the more beautiful and feminine the girl was considered.
13. The strangest and most frightening mummies are considered Guanajuato mummies. Their distorted faces make you believe that they were buried alive.
14. Heroin once used as a replacement for morphine and used to relieve coughs in children.
15. Joseph Stalin may have been the inventor of Photoshop. After the death or disappearance of some people, photographs of him were edited.
16. Recent DNA tests have confirmed that The parents of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun were brother and sister. This explains many of his illnesses and defects.
17. The Parliament of Iceland is considered oldest functioning parliament in the world. It was founded in 930.
Inexplicable and mysterious facts of history
18. For many years, miners in South Africa were excavating mystery balls about 2.5 cm in diameter with three parallel grooves. The stone from which they are made belongs to the Precambrian period, that is, they are about 2.8 billion years old.
19. It is believed that Catholic saints do not decay. The oldest of the "non-degradable" is Cecilia of Rome, who was martyred in 177 AD. Her body remains virtually the same as it was 1,700 years ago when it was discovered.
20. Encryption from Shaboro in Great Britain is one of the still unsolved mysteries. If you look closely, you can see an inscription in the form of letters on the monument: DOUOSVAVVM. No one knows who carved this inscription, but many believe it is the key to finding Holy Grail.
Almost all peoples, nations and countries have historical facts. Today we want to tell you about various interesting facts that happened in the world, which many people know, but it will be interesting to read again. The world is not ideal, just like people, and the facts about which we will tell will be bad. It will be interesting to you, since every reader will learn something educational within the framework of their interests.
After 1703, Poganye Prudy in Moscow began to be called... Chistye Prudy.
During the time of Genghis Khan in Mongolia, anyone who dared to urinate in any body of water was executed. Because water in the desert was more valuable than gold.
December 9, 1968 computer mouse was presented at a show of interactive devices in California. Douglas Engelbart received a patent for this gadget in 1970.
In England in 1665-1666, the plague devastated entire villages. It was then that medicine recognized smoking as beneficial, which supposedly destroyed the deadly infection. Children and teenagers were punished if they refused to smoke.
Only 26 years after the founding of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, its agents received the right to bear arms.
In the Middle Ages, sailors deliberately inserted at least one gold tooth, even sacrificing a healthy one. For what? It turns out that it was for a rainy day, so that in case of death he could be buried with honor far from home.
The world's first mobile phone is the Motorola DynaTAC 8000x (1983). 
14 years before the sinking of the Titanic (April 15, 1912), a story by Morgan Robertson was published that foreshadowed the tragedy. It is interesting that according to the book, the Titan ship collided with an iceberg and sank, exactly as it actually happened.
DEAN - The leader over the soldiers in the tents in which the Roman army lived, 10 people each, was called the dean.
The most expensive bathtub in the world is carved from a very rare stone called Caijou. They say that it has healing properties, and the places of its extraction are kept secret to this day! Its owner was a billionaire from the United Arab Emirates, who wished to remain anonymous. Le Gran Queen price is $1,700,000. 
The English Admiral Nelson, who lived from 1758 to 1805, slept in his cabin in a coffin that was cut out of the mast of an enemy French ship.
The list of gifts for Stalin in honor of his 70th birthday was published in advance in newspapers more than three years before the event.
How many types of cheese are produced in France? The famous cheese maker Andre Simon mentioned 839 varieties in his book “On the Cheese Business.” The most famous are Camembert and Roquefort, and the first appeared relatively recently, only 300 years ago. This type of cheese is made from milk with the addition of cream. After only 4-5 days of ripening, a crust of mold appears on the surface of the cheese, which is a special fungal culture
Famous inventor sewing machine Isaac Singer was married to five women at once. In total, he had 15 children from all the women. He called all his daughters Mary.
27 million people died in the Great Patriotic War.
One of the unusual records for traveling by car belongs to two Americans - James Hargis and Charles Creighton. In 1930, they traveled over 11 thousand kilometers in reverse, traveling from New York to Los Angeles and then back.
Even two hundred years ago, not only men, but also women participated in the famous Spanish bullfights. This took place in Madrid, and on January 27, 1839, a very significant bullfight took place, because only representatives of the fairer sex took part in it. The Spaniard Pajuelera received the greatest fame as a matador. Women were banned from bullfighting in the early 20th century, when Spain was ruled by fascists. Women were able to defend their right to enter the arena only in 1974.
The first computer to include a mouse was the Xerox 8010 Star Information System minicomputer, introduced in 1981. The Xerox mouse had three buttons and cost $400, which corresponds to almost $1,000 in 2012 prices adjusted for inflation. In 1983, Apple released its own one-button mouse for the Lisa computer, the cost of which was reduced to $25. The mouse became widely known thanks to its use in Apple Macintosh computers and later in the Windows OS for IBM PC compatible computers.
Jules Verne wrote 66 novels, including unfinished ones, as well as more than 20 novellas and short stories, 30 plays, several documentaries and scientific works.
When Napoleon and his army headed for Egypt in 1798, he captured Malta along the way.
During the six days that Napoleon spent on the island, he:
Abolished the power of the Knights of Malta
-Reformed the administration with the creation of municipalities and financial management
-Abolished slavery and all feudal privileges
-Appointed 12 judges
-Layed the foundations of family law
-Introduced initial and general public education
65-year-old David Baird ran his own marathon to raise money for research into prostate and breast cancer. In 112 days, David traveled 4,115 kilometers, while pushing a car in front of him. And so he crossed the Australian continent. At the same time, he was on the move for 10-12 hours every day, and during the entire time he ran with a wheelbarrow, he covered a distance equal to 100 traditional marathons. This courageous man, having visited 70 cities, collected donations from Australian residents in the amount of about 20 thousand local dollars.
Lollipops appeared in Europe in the 17th century. At first, they were actively used by healers.
The group “Aria” has a song called “Will and Reason”, few people know that this is the motto of the Nazis in fascist Italy.
A Frenchman from the town of Landes, Sylvain Dornon, traveled from Paris to Moscow, walking on stilts. Setting off on March 12, 1891, covering 60 kilometers every day, the brave Frenchman reached Moscow in less than 2 months. 
The capital of Japan, Tokyo, is currently the largest city in the world with a population of 37.5 million people.
Rokossovsky is a marshal of both the USSR and Poland.
Despite the popular belief that the transfer of Alaska to the United States of America was carried out by Catherine II, the Russian Empress had nothing to do with this historical deal.
One of the main reasons for this event is considered to be military weakness. Russian Empire, which became obvious during the Crimean War.
The decision to sell Alaska was made during a special meeting that took place in St. Petersburg on December 16, 1866. It was attended by the entire top leadership of the country.
The decision was made unanimously.
Some time later, the Russian envoy in the US capital, Baron Eduard Andreevich Stekl, proposed to the American government to buy Alaska from the Republic of Ingushetia. The proposal was approved.
And in 1867, for 7.2 million gold, Alaska came under the jurisdiction of the United States of America.
In 1502–1506 Leonardo da Vinci painted his most significant work - a portrait of Mona Lisa, the wife of Messer Francesco del Giocondo. Many years later, the painting received a simpler name - “La Gioconda”.
Girls in Ancient Greece got married at the age of 15. For men, the average age for marriage was a more respectable period - 30 - 35 years. The father of the bride himself chose a husband for his daughter and gave money or things as a dowry.
The most interesting historical facts about different things updated: September 4, 2018 by: website
The twentieth century is “rich” in events such as bloody wars, destructive man-made disasters, and severe natural disasters. These events are terrible both in the number of casualties and the extent of damage.
The most terrible wars of the 20th century
Blood, pain, mountains of corpses, suffering - this is what the wars of the 20th century brought. In the last century, wars took place, many of which can be called the most terrible and bloodiest in the entire history of mankind. Large-scale military conflicts continued throughout the twentieth century. Some of them were internal, and some involved several states at the same time.First World War
The beginning of the First World War practically coincided with the beginning of the century. Its causes, as is known, were laid at the end of the nineteenth century. The interests of the opposing allied blocs collided, which led to the start of this long and bloody war.Thirty-eight of the fifty-nine states that existed in the world at that time were participants in the First World War. We can say that almost the whole world was involved in it. Having begun in 1914, it ended only in 1918.
Russian Civil War
After the revolution took place in Russia, in 1917 the Civil war. It continued until 1923. IN Central Asia pockets of resistance were extinguished only in the early forties. 
In this fratricidal war, where the Reds and the Whites fought among themselves, according to conservative estimates, about five and a half million people died. It turns out that the Civil War in Russia claimed more lives than all the Napoleonic wars.
World War II
The war that began in 1939 and ended in September 1945 was called World War II. It is considered the worst and most destructive war of the twentieth century. Even according to conservative estimates, at least forty million people died in it. It is estimated that the number of victims could reach seventy-two million. 
Of the seventy-three states that existed in the world at that time, sixty-two states took part in it, that is, about eighty percent of the planet’s population. We can say that this world war is the most global, so to speak. Second World War was carried out on three continents, in four oceans.
Korean War
The Korean War began at the end of June 1950 and continued until the end of July 1953. It was a confrontation between South and North Korea. In essence, this conflict was a proxy war between two forces: the PRC and the USSR on the one hand, and the USA and their allies on the other.The Korean War was the first military conflict where two superpowers clashed in a limited area without using nuclear weapons. The war ended after the signing of a truce. There are still no official statements about the end of this war.
The worst man-made disasters of the 20th century
Man-made disasters occur from time to time in different parts of the planet, taking away human lives, destroying everything around, often causing irreparable harm surrounding nature. There are known disasters that resulted in the complete destruction of entire cities. Similar disasters occurred in the oil, chemical, nuclear and other industries.Chernobyl accident
The explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is considered one of the worst man-made disasters of the last century. As a result of that terrible tragedy that happened in April 1986, a huge amount of radioactive substance was released into the atmosphere, and the fourth power unit of the nuclear plant was completely destroyed. 
In the history of nuclear energy, this disaster is regarded as the largest of its kind both in terms of economic damage and the number of injured and killed.
Bhopal disaster
In early December 1984, a disaster occurred at a chemical plant in the city of Bhopal (India), which was later called the Hiroshima of the chemical industry. The plant produced products that destroyed insect pests. 
Four thousand people died on the day of the accident, another eight thousand over the course of two weeks. Almost five hundred thousand people were poisoned an hour after the explosion. The reasons for this terrible disaster were never installed.
Piper Alpha oil rig disaster
In early July 1988, a powerful explosion occurred on the Piper Alpha oil platform, causing it to completely burn down. This disaster is considered the largest in the oil industry. After a gas leak and subsequent explosion, out of two hundred and twenty-six people, only fifty-nine survived.The worst natural disasters of the century
Natural disasters can cause no less harm to humanity than major man-made disasters. Nature stronger than man, and periodically she reminds us of this.We know from history about major natural disasters that occurred before the beginning of the twentieth century. Today's generation has witnessed many natural disasters that occurred already in the twentieth century.
Cyclone Bola
In November 1970, the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded struck. It covered the territory of Indian West Bengal and eastern Pakistan (today it is the territory of Bangladesh).The exact number of victims of the cyclone is unclear. This figure ranges from three to five million people. The destructive power of the storm was not in power. The reason for the huge death toll is that the wave swamped low-lying islands in the Ganges delta, wiping out villages.
Earthquake in Chile
The largest earthquake in history is recognized as occurring in 1960 in Chile. Its strength on the Richter scale is nine and a half points. The epicenter was in the Pacific Ocean just a hundred miles from Chile. This in turn caused a tsunami. 
Several thousand people died. The cost of the destruction that occurred is estimated at more than half a billion dollars. Severe landslides occurred. Many of them changed the direction of the rivers.
Tsunami on the coast of Alaska
The strongest tsunami of the mid-twentieth century occurred off the coast of Alaska at Lituya Bay. Hundreds of millions of cubic meters of earth and ice fell from the mountain into the bay, causing a response surge on the opposite shore of the bay.The resulting half-kilometer wave, soaring into the air, plunged back into the sea. This tsunami is the highest in the world. Only two people became its victims only due to the fact that there were no human settlements in the Lituya area.
The most terrible event of the 20th century
The most terrible event of the last century can be called the bombing of Japanese cities - Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This tragedy occurred on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. After the explosions of atomic bombs, these cities were almost completely turned into ruins. 
The use of nuclear weapons showed the whole world how colossal their consequences could be. The bombing of Japanese cities was the first use of nuclear weapons against humans.
The worst explosion in human history, according to the site, was also the work of Americans. "The Big One" was blown up during cold war.
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1. in Napoleon's army, soldiers could address the generals as "you".
2. In Rus', grasshoppers were called dragonflies.
3. punishment with rods was abolished in Russia only in 1903.
4. The "Hundred Years' War" lasted 116 years.
5. What we call the Caribbean crisis, the Americans call the Cuban crisis, and the Cubans themselves call the October crisis.
6. The shortest war in history was the war between Great Britain and Zanzibar on August 27, 1896. It lasted exactly 38 minutes.
7. The first atomic bomb dropped on Japan was on a plane called the Enola Gay. The second is on the Bock's Car plane.
8. Under Peter I in Russia, a special department was created to receive petitions and complaints, which was called ... racketeering.
9. On June 4, 1888, the New York State Congress passed a bill to abolish hanging execution. The reason for this “Humanitarian” act was the introduction of a new method death penalty- electric chair. 10. According to an agreement concluded between the engineer Gustave Eiffel and the city authorities of Paris, in 1909 the Eiffel Tower was to be dismantled and sold for scrap.
11. The Spanish Inquisition persecuted many groups of the population, but most of all the Cathars, Marranos and Moriscos. The Cathars are followers of the Albigensian heresy, the Marranos are baptized Jews, and the Moriscos are baptized Muslims.
12. The first Japanese to come to Russia was Denbei, the son of a merchant from Osaka. His ship washed up on the shores of Kamchatka in 1695. In 1701 he reached Moscow. Peter I assigned him to teach Japanese to several teenagers. 13. Only in 1947 in England was the position of the person who was supposed to fire a cannon when Napoleon Bonaparte entered England abolished. 14. Guy de Maupassant, Alexandre Dumas, Charles Gounod, Lecomte de Lisle and many other cultural figures signed the famous protest against ... “The deformation of Paris by the Eiffel Tower.”
15. When the famous German physicist Albert Einstein died, his last words went with him. The nurse next to him did not understand a word of German. 16. In the Middle Ages, students were forbidden to carry knives, swords and pistols and to appear on the street after 21 o'clock, because ... this posed a great danger to the townspeople.
17. On the gravestone of the monument to Suvorov it is simply written: “Here Lies Suvorov.” 18. Between the two world wars, France underwent more than 40 different governments. 19. For the last 13 centuries, the imperial throne in Japan has been occupied by the same dynasty.
20. One of the American planes in Vietnam hit itself with a missile fired. 21. The mad Roman emperor Caligula once decided to declare war on the god of the seas - Poseidon, after which he ordered his soldiers to randomly throw their spears into the water. By the way, from the Roman "Caligula" means "little shoe." 22. Abdul Kassim Ismail - the great vizier of Persia (10th century) was always near his library. Only if he went somewhere did the library “Follow” him. 117 thousand book volumes were transported by four hundred camels. Moreover, the books (i.e. camels) were arranged in alphabetical order.
23. Now nothing is impossible. If you want to buy a car in Guryevsk, please, if you want, in another city. But the fact remains that it needs to be registered and license plates obtained. So, the very first license plate was attached to his car by the Berlin merchant Rudolf Duke. This happened in 1901. There were only three characters on his license plate - IA1 (IA are the initials of his young wife Johanna Anker, and the one means that she is his first and only.
24. at the end of the evening prayer on the ships of the Russian imperial fleet, the watch commander commanded “cover yourself!”, which meant putting on hats, and at the same time the all-clear signal for prayer was given. This prayer usually lasted 15 minutes. 25. In 1914, the German colonies were inhabited by 12 million people, and the British colonies - almost 400 million. 26. In the entire history of temperature recording in Russia, the coldest winter was the winter of 1740.
27. In the modern army, the rank of cornet corresponds to an ensign, and the rank of lieutenant corresponds to a lieutenant.
28. The Thai national anthem was written in 1902 by Russian composer Pyotr Shurovsky.
29. Until 1703, clean ponds in Moscow were called... filthy ponds.
30. The first book published in England was dedicated to... chess. 31. World population in 5000 BC. e. was 5 million people.
32. in ancient China people have committed suicide by eating a pound of salt. 33. A list of gifts to Stalin in honor of his seventieth birthday was published in Soviet newspapers from December 1949 to March 1953.
34. Nicholas I gave his officers a choice between the guardhouse and listening to Glinka's operas as punishment. 35. Above the entrance to Aristotle’s Lyceum there was an inscription: “Entrance Here Is Open To Anyone Who Wants To Dispel Plato’s Misconceptions.”
36. The third decree after the “Decree on Peace” and the “Decree on Land” issued by the Bolsheviks was the “decree on spelling”. 37. During the eruption of Mount Vesuvius on August 24, 79, in addition to everything famous city Pompeii also destroyed the cities of Herculaneum and Stabiae.
38. Nazi Germany - “Third Reich”, Hohenzoller Empire (1870-1918) - “Second Reich”, Holy Roman Empire - “First Reich”.
39. In the Roman army, soldiers lived in tents of 10 people. At the head of each tent was a senior person, who was called... the dean. 40. A tightly tightened corset and large number Bracelets on hands in England during the Tudor period were considered a sign of virginity.
41. FBI agents received the right to carry weapons only in 1934, 26 years after the founding of the FBI.
42. Until the Second World War in Japan, any touch of the emperor was considered blasphemy.
43. On February 16, 1568, the Spanish Inquisition imposed a death sentence on all residents of the Netherlands. 44. In 1911, in China, braids were recognized as a sign of feudalism and therefore wearing them was prohibited.
45. The first party card of the CPSU belonged to Lenin, the second to Brezhnev (the third to Suslov, and the fourth to Kosygin.
46. American League physical culture, the first nudist organization in the United States, was founded on December 4, 1929. 47. In 213 BC. e. Chinese Emperor Qin Shi Huang gave the order to burn all the books in the country.
48. In Madagascar in 1610, King Ralambo created the state of Imerin, which means “As far as the eye can see.”
49. The first Russian saints were Boris and Gleb, canonized in 1072.
50. one of the punishments for criminals in ancient India was... mutilation of the ears.
51. Of the 266 people who occupied the papal throne, 33 died a violent death.
52. In Rus', a stick was used to beat a witness in order to achieve the truth. 53. In normal weather, the Romans wore a tunic, and when cold weather set in, they wore several tunics.
54. in ancient Rome a group of slaves belonging to one person was called ... surname. 55. The Roman Emperor Nero married a man - one of his slaves named Scorus.
56. Until 1361 in England, legal proceedings were carried out exclusively on French. 57. Having accepted surrender, Soviet Union did not sign peace with Germany, that is, he remained at war with Germany. The war with Germany ended on January 21, 1955 with the adoption of a corresponding decision by the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR. However, May 9 is considered victory day - the day the act of unconditional surrender of Germany was signed.
58. The eruption of the Mexican volcano Paricutin lasted 9 years (from 1943 to 1952. During this time, the volcano’s cone rose 2774 meters. 59. To date, archaeologists have discovered in the territory associated with ancient Troy, traces of nine fortresses - settlements that existed in different times era.
1. Albert Einstein could have become president. In 1952, he was offered the post of second president of Israel, but he refused.
2. Kim Jong Il was a good composer and the Korean leader composed 6 operas throughout his life.
3. The Leaning Tower of Pisa has always been inclined. In 1173, the team building the Leaning Tower of Pisa noticed that the base was curved. Construction stopped for almost 100 years, but the structure was never straight.
4. Arabic numerals were not invented by Arabs, but by Indian mathematicians.
5. Before alarm clocks were invented, there was a profession that involved waking up other people in the morning. For example, a person would shoot dried peas at other people's windows to wake them up for work.
Read also: The biggest mistakes in history
6. Grigory Rasputin survived many assassination attempts in one day. They tried to poison him, shoot him and stab him, but he managed to survive. In the end, Rasputin died in the cold river.
7. The shortest war in history lasted less than an hour. The Anglo-Zanzibar War lasted 38 minutes.
8. The longest war in history occurred between the Netherlands and the Scilly Archipelago. The war lasted 335 years from 1651 to 1989, and both sides suffered no casualties.
By the 20th century, humanity had reached unprecedented heights: we discovered electricity, conquered the skies and the depths of the sea, learned to heal many diseases, quickly transmit messages over vast distances, we even conquered space and nuclear energy. However, along with these achievements, the 20th century can be called the peak of the madness of the human race, when with their reckless behavior people practically brought themselves to the brink of destruction in two world wars...
Almost 80% of Soviet men born in 1923 died in the Great Patriotic War. 
Ivan Burylov, who wrote the word “comedy” on the ballot, received 8 years in the camps, 1949. 
The husband is a Protestant, the wife is a Catholic. The community did not allow them to be buried in the same cemetery. Holland, 1888. 
The creator of the popular cartoon "Shrek" William Steig based his character on professional wrestler Maurice Tillet 
In 1859, 24 rabbits were released into the wild in Australia. Over 6 years, their number increased to 6,000,000 individuals... 
A note from Yuri Gagarin, written after his flight around the Earth. 
King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland George V and his brother - Emperor of All Russia Nicholas II. 
The first photograph on Earth. 
The diameter of Soviet cigarettes is 7.62 mm, the same as the caliber of the cartridge. There is a widespread myth that the entire production was set up so that in 2 hours it would be ready to produce cartridges. 
Afghanistan 1973 and 2016. 
"Give me 5 years and you won't recognize Germany." - A. Hitler 
John Rockefeller dreamed of earning $100 thousand and living to be 100 years old. And he earned $192 billion and died at 97. Not all dreams come true. 
Terry Savchuk - the face of a hockey goalie when a mask was not yet a mandatory attribute, 1966. 
Mortgage - definition in the Soviet dictionary. 
Women's Minister Angela Merkel and Chancellor Kohl. 1991 And then 10 years later she fired him. 
Stalin's son Yakov Dzhugashvili in German captivity, 1941. Later he was killed in a prison camp - his father refused to exchange him for captured German generals. 
Public execution by guillotine, France, 1939. 
Australia in the mid-20th century. Very soon the USSR will send Gagarin into space. 
A hotel manager pours acid into a pool full of blacks, 1964. USA. 
Auschwitz concentration camp is the same oven in which people were burned. 
In 1938, Stalin invited the pilot Valery Chkalov to head the NKVD. However, Chkalov refused.
In the 5th century BC. The Spartan commander Pausanias betrayed his homeland to the Persians. The betrayal was discovered, and the court decided to execute the traitor. Pausanias hid in the temple of the goddess Athena, knowing that murder on the temple grounds was considered sacrilege. However, the Spartans still found a way out: they walled up Pausanias in the temple.
All theater in pre-Aeschylean Ancient Greece was a “one-man theater”: one person played all the roles. Aeschylus introduced a second actor, and Sophocles a third.
Alexander the Great was very handsome, but two things spoiled the matter: short stature- only one and a half meters and the habit of tilting your head to the right and looking as if into the distance.
Modern ophthalmologists are inclined to believe that the king suffered from a rare vision pathology called “Brown syndrome.” In Pompeii, where there were barely 20 thousand inhabitants, seven brothels were discovered during excavations, some of them also served as taverns, others as barbers.
In the Middle Ages, beds in noble houses were necessarily equipped with a canopy on four posts. The fact is that the windows of that time did not have glass, and therefore there were severe drafts in the bedrooms.
Railroad tracks in Europe were laid on cart tracks left over from the times of the ancient Romans. The distance between the wheels of Roman carts was standard: two horse rears.
The Danish king Niels, who reigned in the 12th century (1104-1134), had the smallest army ever to exist in the world. It consisted of... 7 people - his personal assistants. With this army, Nils ruled Denmark for 30 years, during which time Denmark also included parts of Sweden and Norway, as well as some parts of Northern Germany.
Nicholas II only had the military rank of colonel. Napoleon slept through the Battle of Waterloo. He was tormented by hemorrhoids, which were treated with enemas with an anesthetic that caused severe drowsiness. Bonaparte fell asleep before the battle, and no one dared to wake him up until the very critical moment.
The place and role of historical facts in the process of cognition is determined by the fact that only on the basis of these “building blocks” can hypotheses be put forward and theories built. There is no single definition of a historical fact. The most common interpretations of the term “historical fact” are:
- it is an objective event or phenomenon of the past;
- these are traces of the past, i.e. images that are captured in historical documents.
Many scientists (A.P. Pronshtein, I.N. Danilevsky, M.A. Varshavchik) identified three categories of historical facts: objectively existing facts of reality, located within a certain spatio-temporal framework and possessing materiality (historical events, phenomena and processes as such); facts reflected in sources, information about the event; “scientific facts” obtained and described by a historian.
In the interpretation of M.A. Barga, the concept of “historical fact” has several meanings. Firstly, a historical fact as a fragment of historical reality, which has “chronological completeness and ontological inexhaustibility.” Secondly, “source message”; thirdly, a “scientific-historical fact” - in its “cognitive incompleteness, in content variability, cumulativeness, ability for endless enrichment and development” together with the development of “historical science” itself.
A scientific-historical fact is a historical fact that has become the object of activity of a scientist historian; the result of inference based on traces left by the past. These facts are always subjective and reflect the position of the scientist, his level of qualifications and education. The educational subject most often presents scientific and historical facts that are described, systematized and explained. Any historical fact can contain the general, the universal, the individual. Taking into account this specificity, in the methodology of teaching history, three groups of facts are conventionally distinguished: fact - event - characterizing the unique, inimitable; fact - phenomenon - reflecting the typical, general; fact - processes - determining the universal. These facts have undergone logical processing and are presented in logical forms: representations (images) contain characteristics of the external side in the form of a description; concepts, ideas, theories that characterize the essence and provide an explanation of the historical past. Facts-processes are presented by description, explanation, assessment.
Every year in May, Mother's Day is celebrated all over the world. On this day, mothers and pregnant women are congratulated and given gifts. Motherhood is an amazing condition, but even women themselves do not know some facts about it:
- The word “mother” sounds approximately the same in all languages: Russian, Chinese and Spanish children call their mother “mama”, English and German children call their mother “mom”. And the secret is simple: the children themselves came up with this word. One of the first syllables that a child utters is “ma”, and it determined the name of the most important person in the life of each of us.
- A woman carries a child for nine months, he is born, the umbilical cord is cut, but his connection with his mother does not end there. During pregnancy, mother and baby exchange cells through the placenta, and these cells sometimes remain in the woman’s body for a very long time.
- Pregnancy causes changes in a woman's brain.
- A child’s successful personal life depends on how close his relationship with his mother was. Scientists believe that it is the mother who instills in the child the ability to love and feel, which helps him build happy relationships with the opposite sex.
- Mothers feel if something happened to the child, even if the latter is already an adult, accomplished person.
- Children know their mother's voice even before they are born. Scientists have conducted a number of studies, which have revealed that the child in the womb reacts to the mother’s voice and does not react at all to outside voices.