Theory for Task No. 23 Unified State Exam 2019 in Russian

“Functional-semantic types of speech.”

In task 23 of the Unified State Exam you need to perform two main actions:

1) determine the type of speech in the specified fragments

2) understand which of the statements is true and which is not.

The proposals include:

Narration- a message, a story about a chronological sequence of events that can occur in the present, future or past tense. It often indicates the place, time and character. Narration

The narrative is usually built on verbs that tell about the action in dynamics. A piece of text that contains a narrative can be thought of as a movie.

Any narrative text consists of a beginning, a climax and a denouement.

He came, he saw, he conquered (Caesar).

Description- usually a characteristic of a person, place, phenomenon, object.

It is built on adjectives, verbs, adverbs. Sometimes it can be represented by a sequence of actions, but they must be permanent. For example, this could be a description of nature in which there are many verbs (the river is noisy and rushing) or regularly repeated actions (on Mondays he got up early and went for a walk). Reading the description, you can imagine the picture and details.

Descriptions can be factual or creative.

Factual descriptions are common in scientific and technical literature, reference books, instructions, and guides.

A screwdriver is a hand-held mechanic's tool designed for screwing and unscrewing threaded fasteners, most often screws and screws with a slot (groove) on the head. Usually it is a metal rod with a tip and a handle (plastic or wooden).

Creative descriptions are more emotional. Emotional descriptions occur in works of art. These are descriptions of interiors, landscapes, portrait characteristics of characters, as well as a description of their internal qualities, their manners, speech and other things. In such descriptions, an object or phenomenon should stand out among others. There are often striking comparisons that serve to highlight something special about the subject. Subjectivity is possible here, since everything depends on from which side the subject is viewed.

“He was a man about thirty-two or three years old, of average height, pleasant appearance, with dark gray eyes, but with the absence of any definite idea, any concentration in his facial features. The thought walked like a free bird across the face, fluttered in the eyes, sat on half-open lips, hid in the folds of the forehead, then completely disappeared, and then an even light of carelessness glowed throughout the face. The carelessness passed from the face into the poses of the whole body, even into the folds of the dressing gown.

Reasoning- sequence of the author’s thoughts, substantiation of a point of view, position, contains cause-and-effect relationships of events and phenomena, explanation of reasons, proof, refutation, clarification, confirmation of thoughts.

Often created according to the scheme: thesis - argument - conclusion; is constructed in question-and-answer form, contains introductory words and expressions, rhetorical questions and exclamations. Sometimes it contains only a conclusion or only a thesis.

Most often found in a scientific style (for example, a theorem-proof), as well as in artistic, philosophical, psychological prose.

The argument can be extensive or short.

Read the wording carefully

If it is written that sentence 10 presents a narrative, then we are looking for a narrative in pure form. If sentence 10 is written to contain a narrative, then it may contain elements of reasoning or description.

Morphological means

Syntactic means

These are the main means of connecting sentences in the text. However, we must remember that it is often noted in the task that the second sentence contains two means of communication at once, for example, a personal pronoun and lexical repetition. Therefore, be careful when completing task No. 23; the selected proposal must contain both means of communication, if they are indicated in the task.

There are several types of connections between sentences in a text. Depending on the type of communication, one or another of the means mentioned above is used.
Let's look at these types.

Types of connection between sentences in the text

• Chain (serial) communication.With such a connection, each subsequent sentence is closely related to the previous one, his thought continues.

Example:

So we saw the sea. It seemed calm to us. However, this calm was very deceptive.

The most common means of chain communication: lexical repetition, conjunctions, pronouns, synonyms, antonyms and many others.

• Parallel communication.With this type of connection, sentences are not connected with each other, but are opposed and compared. Each new sentence has an independent thought, although in unity all sentences constitute one text. Among the means here, syntactic means are often used, for example, syntactic parallelism, as well as the unity of tense forms of verbs, introductory words, adverbs of place and time. With this type of communication, the main information is contained in the first sentence, and all the rest explain and specify it.

Example:

Forests make the earth healthier. They cleanse it of pollution. Their It is no coincidence that they are called the lungs of the planet.

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Task 23 Unified State Exam 2018 in the Russian language, theory and practice.

To complete task 23 you need to know the following definitions:

Direct/figurative meaning of the word (metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche)

Synonyms (contextual synonym)

Antonyms (contextual antonym)

Homonyms

Phraseologisms

Loan words

Passive vocabulary (historicisms, archaisms, neologisms)

Limited vocabulary (professionalisms, colloquial vocabulary, jargon, dialectisms)

Stylistically neutral, bookish, colloquial vocabulary

Changes in the Unified State Exam 2017-2018

This year you need to find one of the words (terms) with a certain meaning. The changes adopted in 2017 remain in 2018.

This is what task 23 looks like demo version on the official website of FIPI:From sentences 33–44, write down a word with the meaning: “Imbued with elation, a passionate desire to give significance to something that does not have significance.”

If, for example, the task states:“From sentences 1-10, write down a phraseological unit with the meaning: “....” - perhaps among these sentences there will be several phraseological units, among which you need to choose exactly the one whose meaning is indicated in the task.

Lexical meaning of the word

This is the historically fixed “content” of the word. Words can have:

Direct meaning - the original, original meaning of the word.

figurative meaning– a secondary meaning arising on the basis of the first. (He hung the picture on the wall. The word hung has direct meaning. – A lot of work was hung on him. “Hanged” is used figuratively).

Transfer by any similarity (color, shape, function) is called metaphor. (Eyeball - similarity based on shape; he failed the exam and now has a tail - similarity based on function).

The transfer of a name from one object to another based on the contiguity of these objects is called metonymy. (Gold on my finger, crystal on the shelves, Pushkin in my bag, ate a plate).

One type of metonymy is synecdoche. Synecdoche is the transfer of the name of a whole to its part or vice versa. (Hey hat, where are you going? Extra mouth in the family).

Synonyms

These are words that usually belong to the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, but the same in meaning. (The path is the road, to think is to reflect)

Contextual synonyms– words that have a similar meaning only within the proposed text. Outside of context, such words are not synonymous. (Contextual synonyms of the verb speak . Marya Kirillovna sprinkled about his loved ones, he was silent. Nobody believed grandfather. Even angry old women mumbled that the devils were born without beaks (Paust.))

Antonyms

These are the words usually belonging to the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, but the same in meaning.

(White-black, speak-be silent, good-evil)

Contextual antonyms- words that are in antonymic relationships only in a certain context. They can have different grammatical forms and belong to different parts of speech. (I'm stupid, and you're smart, alive, but I’m dumbfounded (M. Tsvetaeva))

Homonyms

These are the words identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. They do not always belong to the same part of speech.

There are homonyms full And partial.

Complete homonyms are words of one part of speech in which all grammatical forms coincide. For example: a key (with which we open the door) and a key (water source).

Partial homonyms- these are words for which not all grammatical forms are the same.

Phraseologisms

These are stable, indivisible, non-free phrases that are stored in memory and are always used together in one specific meaning. As a rule, the meaning of phraseological units does not lie on the surface. A phraseological unit is not the sum of the meanings of words, but one meaning for several words combined into a phrase.

Loan words

These are words that came into the Russian language from other languages. Not a single language, not counting the languages ​​of isolated peoples who have no contact with other peoples.

Examples: mathematics (from Greek), pearls (from Turkic languages), herring (from Scandinavian languages), tie (from German), sailor (from Dutch), football (from English), broth (from French), sonata (from Italian ), guitar (from Spanish), dumplings (from Finnish), farm (from Hungarian).

Passive vocabulary

(outdated or not yet well known)

Historicisms- obsolete words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the realities of reality that they denoted. (Example: mayor, boyar, etc.)

Archaisms- outdated words replaced by modern synonyms. (Lanita - cheeks, palm - palm)

Neologisms- uhthen new words that have appeared recently in connection with the emergence of new realities. (At one time these were words such as Komsomol, pioneer.)

Limited vocabulary

Dialectisms- uh These are words used only in certain territories.Examples: zhOna instead of wife, veksha - squirrel (northern dialect).

Professionalisms- words that are used in oral speech in different professional environments.For example: a teapot - among programmers, a person who is poorly versed in computers is a beginner.

Slang vocabulary- words that certain social strata of the population use in their speech. Examples: mayhem ( criminal argot) cool (youth)

Slang- is more often understood as “youth”.

Argo- a dialect created by a group for the purpose of isolation (originally designated the thieves’ language)

Colloquial vocabulary- words with a stylistically reduced, rude, vulgar connotation. These words also include swear words. For example, “whistle” - in the meaning of “steal”, “grunt, muzzle” - in the meaning of “face”, etc.

Stylistically neutral, bookish, colloquial vocabulary

Neutral vocabulary- used in any situation (good, society, draw).

Book vocabulary- used primarily in writing (praiseworthy, association, depict).

Conversational vocabulary- used in casual conversation (robot, reserve, hard worker).

Task 23 is devoted to the means of communication of sentences in the text. To complete this task, you need to realize that the text is not a collection of random sentences. Its integrity is not only semantic. It is expressed by linguistic means of different levels.

For this purpose they serve conjunctions, repetitions of syntactic constructions(syntactic device), replays, introductory words (lexical device), pronouns, repetitions of morphological forms(morphological means), etc.

If the task required finding the entire list of various means in the text, it could be considered difficult. But, fortunately, in task 23 the means of communication are named in the wording of the task, and the task comes down to only finding a sentence that contains conjunctions, pronouns, lexical repetitions, contextual synonyms, introductory words, etc.

For self-test, I advise you to repeat and know by heart, like the multiplication table or a poem, the classification of pronouns by category (with examples). The fact is that there are KIMs that include various pronouns with an indication of which ones you need to find. Examples of task wording:

• Among sentences 1-3, find one that is related to the previous one using demonstrative pronoun and lexical repetition.
• Among sentences 1-3, find one that is connected to the previous one using a personal pronoun.
• Among sentences 1-3, find one that is connected to the previous one using a possessive pronoun.
• Among sentences 5-10, find one that is connected to the previous ones using a attributive pronoun.

Places of pronouns by meaning

1. Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.
   
2. Returnable : myself .
3. Possessives : mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs and yours .
   
4. Demonstratives: this, that, such, such, so much , and also obsolete: such (sort of), this, this .
   
5. Determinatives: all, every, every, any, other, different, most, himself , and also obsolete: all kinds, all kinds .
6. Interrogative : .
   
7. Relative : who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many .
8. Indefinite: pronouns formed from interrogative-relatives using the prefixes not, some and the suffixes something, -or, -any: someone, something, several, some, some, anyone, anything, which something, how much, etc. under.
9. Negative: no one, no one, nothing, nothing, none, nobody .

1) question word in interrogative sentences;
2) union word, connecting the parts complex sentences in a complex sentence.

Others consider them to be different words with different functions, but the same in form, that is, homonyms. Proponents of this interpretation distinguish not one category, but two:

Interrogative
- relative

Classmates

Handbook for preparing for the Unified State Exam

• Task 22. Lexical meaning of the word. Synonyms. Antonyms. Homonyms. Phraseological phrases. Groups of words by origin and use

• Narration- a story about events that follow each other. It is characterized by verbs of the perfect form (that WITH did?), the transition from one action to another, the presence of dialogue.
• Description– picture in words. Characteristic are imperfective verbs (as in a frozen photo), adjectives and any other epithets, a transition from one facet of what is being described to another.
• Reasoning- thoughts out loud. Characterized by the presence interrogative sentences, introductory words, transition from thesis to evidence.

Examples:

Description

• Everyone likes this cheerful dog Vyushka: ears like horns, a tail like a ring, teeth as white as garlic. She got two bones from lunch.
• The wide Rybnaya valley turned blue and slightly foggy under the sun, the pass breeze blew in in quick, not strong gusts. The nutcrackers were screaming not far below. The weather was perfect for hunting. (V. Remizov “Free Will”)

Narration:

• Uncle Sasha swore and climbed out of the cabin. Uncle Sasha was waiting for this misfortune, he had a spare axle in the back... He began dialing Mishka Milyutin on the phone. Then he called the Cook. By lunchtime it became clear that there was no way to leave today, there was no end in sight. Along with the bridge, something else had to be changed. The cook called his buddies in search of the necessary seals and levers. Zhebrovsky first tried to delve into it, then he just sat next to him on a box, bored and smoking. Uncle Sasha didn’t interfere too much either; the tall and thin Mishka silently managed the work. (V. Remizov “Free Will”)

Reasoning:

• By his nature, he would have spat on this matter, hushed it up and left, but in the region they already knew, and the person had to be introduced. Alive, or better yet dead, for resisting. “This needs to make your nose bleed, can’t you figure it out!..” - the operational deputy yelled from the area, who, apparently, got it pretty bad himself. It was already clear to Alexander Mikhailovich that his place was falling in value because of the fugitive Kobyak and could only be given to someone local. I wonder if they offered Semikhvatsky and Gnidyuk? Or maybe both for competition, thought Alexander Mikhalych... (V. Remizov “Free Will”)
• Zhebrovsky did not interfere. In Russia, power has always been a sacred cow. Even here, on its outskirts, where there was never serfdom and where completely independent men lived in the harsh nature, people were outraged not by the bad structure of the government itself, but only by the justice or injustice of its actions. This is inexplicably stupid, Ilya thought and remained silent. There was no point in these conversations. (V. Remizov “Free Will”)

• I heard that three years ago, in the spring, Sasha’s youngest uncle, Sashka, was killed. That day Sashka returned from the army. It was in a cafe, where he never went. One pimply guy, a head shorter than Sashka, smoked some rubbish and stabbed him with a knife. The entire village was buried. Sashka was handsome, sober, and had never offended anyone in his life. They hit him with a knife, but he just winced, smiled confusedly and guiltily, pressing his hand to the pulsating wound. (V. Remizov “Free Will”)

​Narration with descriptive elements:

• Ilya put the pasta on to cook, opened the stew because he had nothing to do, but rather because of the hunting itch in his hands, and brought a case with a new fitting. I remembered how I went to Austria to pick it up, how I tried it at the shooting range there - it was a bullet for a bullet. The work was one-piece, he needed it by September, and the Austrians did everything on time and did not deviate from their quality anywhere. (V. Remizov “Free Will”).

​Description with elements of reasoning:

• Genka stood up, brushed himself off, took the carbine over his shoulder and walked away. It was a strange thing. Over the years, he loved this life in the taiga more and more, but lost his passion. Not exactly excitement, but what it used to be. He knew this for sure. He was never known to be greedy, but when he managed to get more than others, and this happened often, he walked around happy. Sometimes he bragged when he was drunk. (V. Remizov “Free Will”)

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