A fundamentally new solar cell, created in the NUST MISIS laboratory under the guidance of visiting professor from the University of Texas Anvar Zahidov, will cost three times less than the best silicon analogues. And with mass production, the difference will be 4-6 times. This promises a real breakthrough in solar energy.
However, today it is rapidly developing, and the plans are generally grandiose. Thus, Europe intends to increase the solar contribution to total electricity consumption to 25 percent by 2020, and to 40 percent by 2040. The United States has no less ambitious plans: by 2020, solar electricity generation in the country should be 25 percent.
In short, leading countries are betting on the Sun. True, with one caveat: for now it needs serious support from the state. It is provided with the most favorable conditions for intensive development.
However, the high price compared to traditional energy sources is not the only disadvantage of solar watts. The very production of silicon from which solar cells are made creates a lot of problems. It is toxic, expensive, and requires a lot of energy. Moreover, such batteries are inconvenient to use: they are rigid, heavy and fragile, and require special gadgets for installation. In a word, there is a lot of fuss with them. It's a completely different matter - the battery is flexible. It can be rolled out like a roll on any curved surface. Which immediately expands the scope of application. It is precisely these solar cells that were created for the first time in Russia by scientists and engineers from MISiS.
They contain no silicon at all, which made it possible to give the battery the necessary flexibility,” explains laboratory employee Danila Saranin. - This is a tandem of a material called perovskite and semiconductor polymers. Unlike expensive silicon, perovskite costs pennies. But the main advantage of such a tandem is not even this. The technology for making a silicon battery is very complex, requiring deep vacuum and expensive equipment. And our method is much simpler and cheaper. In fact, solar cells can be printed on simple devices.
The start of perovskite electronics was given by the Japanese, who for the first time created a solar tandem with an efficiency of 3.9 percent. The world immediately appreciated the prospects, many leading foreign laboratories joined the race, and now the efficiency has already reached 21.3 percent. But if for silicon this figure is almost close to the limit of its capabilities, which the laws of physics do not allow to overcome, then the solar tandem is capable of more. The fact is that silicon collects only a small part of the visible solar spectrum, while tandem collects almost the entire spectrum. This is where the prospects for growth lie.
In addition, we intend to further increase efficiency through our other know-how,” says Saranin. - To put it quite simply, the point is as follows. Our element consists of eight layers, that is, it looks like a sandwich. Why so much? Light does not immediately turn into electric current; for this it needs to go through several cascades of transformations. So our competitors connect all these layers in series, plus or minus. We proposed another option - to connect in parallel, plus to plus, minus to minus. As experiments have shown, this can significantly increase efficiency.
To date, from all sources known to mankind alternative energy the most popular are solar panels, batteries and other generators based on solar energy. Considering the current cost of energy costs, many are interested in where to buy solar panels for their home, what are the prices for them and whether ready-made solutions. And since the rise in the exchange rate directly affects the paying ability of the population, more and more citizens are trying to learn more about Russian-made panels.
What are solar panels and how are they used for the home?
Despite the fact that this type of energy supply to homes has been around for more than 30 years, there are not many specialists in this field. Why is using solar panels for a private home so beneficial? The answer is simple: you only need to pay for the equipment and installation, after which the energy is free! In countries such as China, the United States, France, Italy and Germany, up to 30% of the population installs batteries on the roof to benefit from billions of inexhaustible kilowatts solar energy. If it's free, what's the secret?
The principle of battery operation is as follows: imagine semiconductors made of crystals (for example, silicon), which convert light quanta into components electric current. The panel contains hundreds of thousands of such crystals. Depending on the required power, the area of such coverage ranges from a couple of square centimeters (remember the calculator) to hundreds of square meters - for example, for orbital stations.
Despite the apparent simplicity of the devices, their use in Russia is very limited - by climate, weather, time of year and day. Plus, in order for the system to supply current to the network, you need to purchase:
- a battery that will store energy in case of voltage surges;
- inverter that will convert D.C. to variable;
- system that monitors battery charge.
Briefly about consumption
The average family of 4 consumes 250–300 kW per month. Solar modules for household use provide an average of 100 W per 1 sq. m per day (in clear weather). In order to power the entire house, you need to install at least 30, ideally 40 sections, which will cost at least 10,000 USD. e. In this case, the roof should be oriented to the south, and the number of sunny days per month on average should not be less than 18–20. Below is a map of sunny days.
Conclusion: solar panels are good as a backup source electrical energy. In addition, you need to know how to select them so that the power is enough to meet household needs. But, regardless of accidents, your home will always be supplied with electricity.
1. Panels from CJSC Telecom-STV
The Russian company Telecom-STV (Zelenograd) produces products on average 30% cheaper than their German counterparts: prices start from 5,600 rubles. for 100 W panels. Panels from this manufacturer have an efficiency of up to 20–21%. The main feature of this enterprise was the patented technology for manufacturing silicon wafers with a diameter of up to 15 mm and solar modules based on them.
Which battery from Telecom-STV CJSC can I look at? The most popular model is called TSM, then it is marked depending on the power: from 15 to 230 W (the price is approximate).
| Model | Power, W | Dimensions, mm | Weight, kg | Price, rub. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TSM-15 | 18 | 430 × 232 × 43 | 1,45 | from 3 500 |
| TSM-40 | 44 | 620 × 540 × 43 | 4,05 | from 6 000 |
| TSM-50 | 48 | 620 × 540 × 43 | 4,05 | from 6 575 |
| TSM-80A | 80 | 773 × 676 × 43 | 6,7 | from 8 500 |
| TSM-80B | 80 | 773 × 676 × 43 | 6,7 | from 9 000 |
| TSM-95A | 98 | 1,183 × 563 × 43 | 7,9 | from 10 750 |
| TSM-95V | 98 | 1,183 × 563 × 43 | 7,9 | from 11 000 |
| TSM-110A | 115 | 1,050 × 665 × 43 | 8,8 | from 12 500 |
| TSM-110V | 115 | 1,050 × 665 × 43 | 8,8 | from 12 800 |
| … | .. | … | … | … |
| TSM-270A | 270 | 1,633 × 996 × 43 | 18,5 | from 23 370 |
The main type of panels produced is monocrystalline, although each model can also be presented as multi (poly-) crystalline. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages (see table).
The choice, of course, is limited by budget capabilities, so we will continue our review of other inexpensive and reliable devices from Russian manufacturers.
2. Hevel – plant in Chuvashia
One of the largest manufacturers of solar panels in Russia is the Hevel company. In 2017, the company modernized its production and switched from thin-film to new heterostructure technology for the manufacture of solar modules. New generation modules combine the advantages of thin-film and crystalline technologies, ensuring efficient operation of the module at high and low temperatures (from -50 ° C to + 85 ° C), as well as in diffuse light conditions. The average efficiency of a solar module is 20%. According to this indicator, Hevel Group modules are among the world's top three. The module service life is at least 25 years.
Which battery from Hevel can you look at as an example? Here is a table with the parameters of the most popular heterostructural module:
3. Ryazan ZMKP
The Ryazan plant of metal-ceramic devices has been operating since 1963, but since 2002 it has switched to the ISO 9001 international quality control system and produces panels strictly in accordance with its requirements, as well as with GOST 12.2.007-75 standards.
In the company's price list you can find two current RZMP models with a power of 130 and 220 W. Their efficiency varies from 12 to 17.1%. Solar cells are applied to a painted aluminum base using a series connection method. Here are their comparative characteristics:
RZMP 130-T is suitable for autonomous supply of individual premises, household appliances(for example, heating boiler). A more powerful model, from 220 to 240 W, is purchased more often for backup power supply to the whole house. Its cost varies from 13,200 to 14,400 rubles. per module.
4. Krasnodar "Saturn"
Kuban-made panels have been produced since 1971; during this period the company has produced more than 20,000 square meters of products. Saturn uses two proprietary production technologies - based on monocrystalline grown silicon or gallium arsenide with a germanium substrate. The latter show the highest possible performance and are used to supply critical facilities (gas stations, continuous cycle enterprises, etc.)
Both types of modules can be made on any frame, from mesh and film to metal (anodized aluminum) and string types. Photoelectric converters can be:
- with polished surface;
- with built-in diodes;
- with aluminum mirror.
Here are the main energy characteristics of the Saturn solar cell, depending on the type:
These characteristics are relevant for media of any size: at the Saturn enterprise you can order both prefabricated modules for the roof of a cottage and miniature solar panels for sensors, converters, electrical products, as well as batteries. Price lists will only be provided to you in the sales department.
5. Solar Wind
This enterprise is located in Ukraine. There is a similar enterprise in Russia, which acts rather as an investor and implementer. Solar Wind produces solar modules with capacities from 1 to 15 kW/h. Depending on the purpose and power, the module can contain from a couple to several dozen batteries. Thus, a 1,000 W battery includes 5 modules, one 30 A charge controller, a 150 A/h battery (2 pieces in a set) and a 1,200 V inverter. The battery life is up to 18 years.
Advice: if you buy Solar Wind equipment to provide year-round energy to a residential building, you should take at least 10 kW/h.
To get an idea of the capabilities of solar wind photovoltaic systems (Ukraine) with a power from 1,000 to 15,000 W, we offer comparison table based on 1 day of consumption.
| Module power, kW/h | 1 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 15 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example of power supply various systems(total) | |||||
| Light bulb (energy saving, when working 4 hours a day) | 4 pcs. 11 W each | 10 pcs. 15 W each | 10 pcs. 20 W each | 20 pcs. 20 W each | 40 pcs. 20 W each |
| Air conditioner | Not enough | Not enough | Not enough | 1 hour a day | 3 hours a day |
| Laptop power 40 W/h | 4 hours | 4 hours | 4 hours | 4 hours | 4 hours |
| TV | 50 W/h, 3 hours a day | 50 W/h, 4 hours a day | 150 W/h, 4 hours a day | 150 W/h, 3 hours a day | 150 W/h, 4 hours a day |
| Satellite TV antenna, 20 W/h | 3 hours a day | 4 hours a day | 4 hours a day | 3 hours a day | 3 hours a day |
| Fridge | Not enough | 100 W/h, 24 hours a day | 10 W/h, 24 hours a day | 150 W/h, 24 hours a day | 150 W/h, 24 hours a day |
| Washing machine | Not enough | 900 W/h, 40 min per day | 900 W/h, 1 hour per day | 1,500 W/h, 1 hour per day | 1,500 W/h, 1 hour per day |
| Vacuum cleaner, 900 W/h | Not enough | Not enough | 2 times a week for 1 hour | 2 times a week for 1 hour | 2 times a week for 1 hour |
6. Solar batteries “Kvant”
NPP "Kvant" was the first to offer the production of silicon solar panels with 2-way sensitivity, as well as single crystals of gallium arsenide. The most popular model today is the Kvant KSM and its modification KSM-180P. The cost of such a battery does not exceed 18,000 rubles, the service life reaches 40 years.
However, we present the characteristics of all modules. They can be ordered in both mono- and polycrystalline variations. The specific energy characteristics are higher for monocrystalline panels and reach 200 W/sq.m. Compared to foreign analogues, Kvant is optimal due to its low price and relatively small decrease in efficiency throughout its entire service life.
| Characteristic | KSM-80 | KSM-90 | KSM-100 | KSM-180 | KSM-190 | KSM-205 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rated power, W | 80–85 | 90–95 | 98–103 | 180–185 | 190–195 | 205–210 |
| Current short circuit, A | 5,4–5,6 | 5,5–5,7 | 5,8–5,9 | 5,4–5,6 | 5,5–5,9 | 5,6–6,1 |
| Open circuit voltage, V | 21,2–21,5 | 22,2–22,4 | 22,8–23,0 | 34,8–36,6 | 35,1–37,2 | 35,9–37,8 |
| Number of solar cells | 36 | 36 | 36 | 72 | 72 | 72 |
| Dimensions, mm | 1210 × 547 × 35 | 1210 × 547 × 35 | 1210 × 547 × 35 | 1586 × 806 × 35 | 1586 × 806 × 35 | 1586 × 806 × 35 |
| Switch box, TUV | IP66 | IP66 | IP66 | IP66 | IP66 | IP66 |
| Weight, kg | 8,5 | 8,5 | 8,5 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Efficiency, % | 17,5 | 18,3 | 18,7 | 17,8 | 18,4 | 19,0 |
7. Sun Power - portable solar panels
The Sun Power company is located in Ukraine and is mostly famous for its transportable solar complexes. With their help you can get electricity even while traveling. These complexes are distinguished by their mobility, small size and portability. They have a USB output and have a power of up to 500 W.
Other features of Sun Power portable panels:
- service life – up to 30 years;
- has international CE RoHC certification;
- the new generation of panels can also be integrated into the facade or roof without losing aesthetics.
It is convenient to use such solutions in autonomous lighting of billboards, roads and areas, power supply for campsites and trailers, yachts and boats.
8. “Kvazar” – another Ukrainian manufacturer
The Kvazar company produces wide range photovoltaic equipment, including solar panels and chargers. Kvazar solar panels are made from in-house grown silicon crystals and have a reinforced aluminum base. The quality guarantee issued by the manufacturer is a little alarming - only 10 years. However, electroluminescence and other laboratory tests confirm more long term service - up to 25 years.
Our choice: panels - KV175-200/24 M (monocrystalline), KV220-255M (also mono), KV210-240P (poly version), the numbers in the marking indicate the power of the device.
The price of batteries is from 13,000 rubles. (approximately) for 150 W. In addition to solar panels, Kvazar produces photoelectric converters with cells from 4 × 4 to 6 × 6 inches with an efficiency of up to 18.7%.
9. Vitasvet LLC
The Moscow enterprise Vitasvet LLC produces one basic model SSI-LS200 P3 in four power variations: from 225 to 240 W. Each module consists of 60 multicrystal silicon wafers and is mounted on an aluminum profile.
Here are their main parameters obtained during tests under normal conditions of 800 W/sq.m:
| Battery power, W | 225 | 230 | 235 | 240 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Max. voltage, V | 29,6 | 29,7 | 29,8 | 30,2 |
| Short circuit current, A | 8,1 | 8,34 | 8,41 | 8,44 |
| Efficiency, % | 13,5 | 13,8 | 14,1 | 14,5 |
Cost – 12,800 rubles. per panel with a power of 240 W.
10. Thermotron plant (Bryansk)
The Termotron enterprise produces autonomous solar-powered street lighting systems and mini-autonomous solar stations. The former are supplied on the basis of serial modules with a high pillar support.
Peculiarities autonomous systems street lighting from Termotron:
- operating temperature range – -40…+50 °C;
- beam opening angle – 135 to 90 degrees;
- guaranteed service life - 12 years in urban conditions;
- support height – from 6 to 11 m;
- power – from 30 to 160 W.
The autonomous station "Ecoterm", produced by the plant, will be of interest to owners country houses and plots. It is also used on farms, telephone exchanges, to equip rural schools, hospitals, shops. The station operates from a 14.5 kW diesel generator. The price of generated energy with a quantity of 18 photoprocessing elements is 5.12 rubles/kW, the payback period is up to 5 years (check the price of the station with the manufacturer).
Conclusion
We conducted a review of several leading enterprises of the so-called photoenergy industry in Russia and Ukraine, which, we hope, will give an initial idea of the feasibility of using solar panels and will allow you to make the right decision. These are not all brands, but these are the most popular and available for sale.
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60 years have passed since the first solar panels were installed on the outer skin of American and Soviet satellites. Since then, technology has come a long way. Solar energy is used not only for space objects, but also to provide electricity to residential buildings. There are many ways to capture and process sunlight. A hybrid solar panel stands out among the usual ones.
Silicon (Si) is a material that was used to create the first structures that processed the energy of sunlight.
For a long time, there were three types of such batteries:
- (made from solid crystals). They have the highest, but are not able to capture scattered light;
- Polycrystalline (made from crystals directed in different directions), capable of capturing even scattered light.
- Amorphous– with low efficiency, which can be installed on a surface of any configuration.
Silicon-based hybrid solar panels combine amorphous silicon and monocrystals. These panels are effective in low light conditions and can operate efficiently longer than standard amorphous devices.
Perovskite based
One of the most efficient and inexpensive ways to convert the light that the sun emits into electricity is to use perovskite. This material was first discovered in Ural mountains back in the twentieth century. It attracted attention due to the special crystal lattice characteristic of semiconductors. Perovskite-based devices are already being talked about as solar cells of a new generation.
To create such a battery, you need a thin layer of conductive material and a polymer substrate. The result is a flexible translucent panel that can be used not only as a stationary battery, but also as a material for glass, for example. It will not only catch light, but also protect the room from overheating.
The only reason why the perovskite hybrid solar panel has not yet conquered the whole world is its lower efficiency relative to silicon ones. But, as some studies show, efficiency can be improved with the help of a properly selected polymer. For example, Swiss physicists have introduced FDT, an inexpensive material that can improve the performance of perovskite batteries.
Another successful development is the combination of perovskite with silicon. Using this technique, it is possible to obtain devices that effectively capture and process UV rays. These devices may be flexible and/or translucent. This means that they can be used not only as stationary energy sources, but also for portable equipment, for example.
From pentacene and lead sulfide
In 2012, eminent physicists Neil Grenham and Sir Richard Friend proposed a new version of the hybrid battery. It differs from previously invented ones in its ability to convert all spectra of UV radiation and in its high efficiency. These batteries have an internal quantum efficiency of 50%.
The presented hybrid solar panel consists of an inorganic compound (PbS, lead sulfide) and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pentacene). In this combination, PbS captures the red part of the spectrum, and pentacene captures the blue, more saturated with energy. Thanks to the interaction between the layers, there are two electrons for every blue photon captured. Thus, the efficiency of this new product is twice as high as that of other similar devices (usually there is one electron per photon).
Two disadvantages of the invention are its dubious harmlessness to environment and possible fragility. Pentacene belongs to a group of compounds that can provoke various mutations and are powerful carcinogens.
The simplest way to produce this hydrocarbon is from benzene, which is a derivative of oil, the reserves of which on our planet are not endless.
The fragility is explained simply: pentacene tends to be excessively oxidized under the influence of oxygen under ultraviolet irradiation. Which, in fact, will happen when using such a battery. So the practical use of this development is a big question.
Science does not stand still, every day delighting humanity with the latest developments in one field or another. So we can hope that sooner or later a sufficiently efficient solar battery will appear that will be both durable and environmentally friendly.
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The newest model of 2017 is a real technical breakthrough in solar energy.
The solar power station "UraletsNT-Infra" generates free electricity around the clock. During the day from the sun. If the sun is in the clouds, she sees it through the clouds in the infrared spectrum and still gives energy. At night, energy is taken from the relict thermal radiation of day-heated objects, stars, and the moon. These are special new generation solar panels + a high-voltage circuit for converting excess voltage into amperage to feed into the energy system.
Included
1. Uralets MRRT high-voltage 2-nuclear control unit with circuit duplication
2. Inverter 4000W pure sine
3. Solar batteries 100W 10 pieces accumulation (10kW-day) Power reserve for additional solar batteries up to 50 kW per knock without alteration of the power unit. (Simple addition of solar batteries)
4. Battery KVANT 190 Ah, two pcs.
New - a controller for a wind generator as a gift. You can install additional solar panels “Sila” or “Exmork” on it
A solar power plant based on infrared panels literally sees the sun through the clouds and operates at night due to the thermal radiation of objects (the effect of a night vision device)
Solar panels 125 watt infrared
size 1100x1300mm
operating current 2.6 a
voltage 55 volts with conversion to 24 V (Uralets special high-voltage power unit)
“Signs of exclusivity of Uralets power plants”, such as explosion protection, heating control, thermoregulation, climate control, fire alarm, automatic overload protection - are fully preserved in the power unit of the new generation of 2017 plants
Battery included - 190+190 Ah lead-calcium batteries are similar in survivability to gel ones. (This refers to the effect when, with daily use, both gel and calcium batteries last 5 years) However, gel batteries are 2 times more expensive than calcium ones.
And of course - a reliable, time-tested Pure Sine inverter with 4 kW traction and 6 kW peak power "Progress 24-6000" from Alfaelectronics (Novosibirsk) at a factory price of 26,000 rubles with a clear and convenient RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE control menu and warranty and post-warranty repairs in Russia - still occupies a worthy place in the Uralets-Infra system.
We welcome everyone who would not mind spending a couple of minutes to receive interesting information!
So, we have once again replenished the warehouse completely new products. The number of new products is not so great, but what a number!
We are proud to present to you our line of the most efficient and spectacular solar panels on Russian market– the Eclipse line from the Seraphim plant, which is included in the rating of the most reliable manufacturers (Bloomberg assigned Seraphim Solar TIER1 status back in 2015).
Two models of Seraphim solar panels are available for order:
- Monocrystalline panel Eclipse SRP-320-E01B
- Polycrystalline panel Eclipse SRP-290-E11B
The first model is made in the size of a standard monocrystalline 270 W module and at the same time produces 320 environmentally friendly watts. The second model corresponds to the size of a 250 W polycrystalline module, but the efficiency of this panel is 290 Watts - higher than that of a classic monocrystalline battery of the same size. How did you achieve such efficiency? Very simple and difficult at the same time! There are no tricks or shenanigans: the cells in Eclipse solar panels are laid out in such a way that almost the entire panel area is occupied by silicon, and the efficiency of the entire battery becomes almost equal to the efficiency of the silicon cells that make it up. True, the cells in Seraphim Eclipse solar panels are also not entirely simple - they are made using a special technology and can actually be “glued” to each other, which reduces losses on internal connections and also increases the final power.
In fact, at the moment, the premium monocrystalline solar battery Seraphim SRP-320-E01B is the most efficient one available on the Russian market.
Also, another addition has been made to the shelf of solar battery models supplied by our company: an innovative “transparent” solar battery GP Solar GPDP-265W60 265 Watt power:
This model is a completely new line of solar panels. Made from two sheets of tempered glass, the thin and partially transparent (in our case 10%) solar panel is a definite trend in the world of solar energy. Anticipating and perhaps even anticipating the imminent rush of builders and architects, as well as ordinary users, we present you this new product. Transparent solar panels are suitable for those who are interested not just in the “utilitarian” component of a solar power plant, but also in realizing their creative, aesthetic needs. One or two years ago, translucent panels were just a curious novelty at specialized exhibitions, but having met with explosive interest from consumers around the world, Dual Glass products appeared in every self-respecting manufacturer. Futuristic design clearly hints at the need to use it in architectural elements - after all, being next to such a panel, the future becomes not only visible, but also tangible.
In addition to their standard purpose as an attribute of roofs and ground areas, such panels can be used as the main surface of a wall, fence, canopy, they can become an excellent alternative to window glass, or the heart of an architectural composition - we leave this question to your discretion. Note that the strength of these panels is sufficient for an adult to stand comfortably on their surface (bearing capacity is 5400 Pa).
Of course, frameless technology, which has previously proven itself well in micromorphic modules Pramac and Hevel, is by no means new, however, in comparison with analogues, these batteries are significantly more efficient. The power density of GPSolar GPDP-265W60 transparent solar cells is 16.11%, which is more than 2 times higher than micromorphic solar cells. This is an undeniable advantage when organizing a solar power plant on a limited roof or canopy area.
Among other things, a frameless solar panel with two layers of glass has a longer service life, since, unlike traditional solar panels with an aluminum frame, it is not affected by the difference between the temperature deformation of the aluminum frame and glass (which over the years leads to damage to the structure, especially in Russian conditions, where solar panels are subject to large temperature changes each year).
As for mounting frameless solar panels, there are no difficulties with this either. Our company has been supplying high-quality batteries for many years, which installers of this type of batteries throughout the country have long known about.