From February to October 1917 presentation. From February to October. The alignment of political forces during the period of dual power

Lesson in 11th grade

Lesson topic: “From February to October 1917”

Lesson objectives:

Bring students to understand that after the February Revolution of 1917, a situation was created in the country that was unstable and favored an intensification of the struggle between various political forces in Russia.

Formulate ideas about the causes and consequences of political crises, as well as the role of the Kornilov rebellion in deepening the political crisis in the country, strengthening the position and growth of influence among the masses of the Bolshevik Party, which led to the October Revolution

The lesson continues to develop the skills to analyze facts, summarize them and draw conclusions, give reasons for your reasoning, compare and contrast documents.

Lesson progress:

I. Homework knowledge test

REVIEW QUESTIONS:

What are the general causes of the revolution of the early 20th century?

Sample student answers:

The need to modernize the agricultural sector and political system;

These questions arose during the revolution of 1905, although tsarism tried to carry out reforms (Stolypinsky and others), but all this was ineffective, because Nicholas II was not interested in further changes, fearing to disturb the foundations of autocracy.

What events and phenomena contributed to the emergence of the 1917 revolution?

Sample student answers:

New contradictions generated by the war

Increasing economic devastation

Threat of famine, declining living standards, inflation

Changes in the psychology of the masses, a feeling of anger towards the top

The regime's intransigence towards opposition proposals to involve popular public figures in governance

Could the tsar, given the beginning of the February events, change the situation?

Sample student answers.

Much in those conditions depended on the ability of the country's leadership to resolve the crisis, but Nicholas II, instead of solving problems, resorted to repression, shooting as a way to suppress an unarmed crowd led to the soldiers' sympathy for the workers, but even then even in those conditions it was possible to change situation. The victory of the revolution in Petrograd did not yet mean success on a national scale. The rebels could have been pacified by simply blocking the railway lines of communication with the capital; hunger forced Petrograd to surrender. Rodzianko proposed creating a government that would be responsible to the Duma and enjoy the trust of the people. But Nicholas dissolved the Duma and the deputies obediently dispersed.

Nicholas II could not change the situation under those conditions, because... nothing depended on him anymore, and the tsar could have retained power in his hands if not for the Duma opposition represented by the Cadets.

II. Learning new material

Problem: Why did the Bolsheviks come to power in October 1917?

Assignments: Based on the material in the paragraph and historical documents, analyze the situation in Russia from February to October 1917 and answer the problem posed. Work in groups:

Series: “Crises of the Provisional Government: causes, essence, consequences”

Series: “Kornilovshchina: causes, main events, results”

Series: “Political parties in March-October 1917: changes in the political balance of power in the political arena”

Material for completing task 1 group in the paragraph

Materials for completing task 2 groups:

Kornilov rebellion.

Document 1

^ B.V. Savinkov: “You will hardly deny, Mr. General, that the demands presented by you... are destructive for the fatherland... You want to try to dictate the individual will of the Russian people...”

^ L. G. Kornilov: “...The government made certain decisions regarding the Bolsheviks and the Soviets, since in order to implement this decision you, on behalf of the Provisional Government, suggested that I advance a cavalry corps to Petrograd; Moreover, it was established between us that the end of the concentration of this corps would appear in my telegram to you, indicating the moment of declaring Petrograd under martial law... I pointed out that, in my deep conviction, only a firm strong government, not wavering before any responsibility and personified by dictatorship individual or collective, depending on the further course of events, can save the country from destruction. ...Regardless of my personal views on the character and properties of A.F. Kerensky and his attitude towards me, I recognize his participation in the government as absolutely necessary.”

Document 2

and Kornilov’s response to Kerensky’s radiogram

^ From the Minister-Chairman

“On August 26, Gen. Kornilov sent me a member of the State. Duma Vd. Nick. Lvov with the demand for the transfer by the Provisional Government of General. Kornilov full civil and military power so that, at his personal discretion, a new government would be drawn up to govern.

Seeing in the presentation of this demand, addressed in my person to the Provisional Government, the desire of some circles of Russian society to take advantage of the difficult situation of the state to establish a state order in the country that is contrary to the gains of the revolution, the Provisional Government recognized it as necessary, in order to save the homeland, freedom and the republican system, to authorize me to take immediate action. and decisive measures in order to completely stop all attempts to encroach on the supreme power in the state, on the rights of citizens won by the revolution. I am taking all necessary measures to protect freedom and order in the country, and the population will be informed about such measures in a timely manner. At the same time I order:

1) General Kornilov to surrender the position of Supreme Commander-in-Chief to General Klembovsky, commander-in-chief of the armies of the Northern Front, blocking the path to Petrograd...

2) To declare the city of Petrograd and the Petrograd district under martial law, extending to it the rules on localities declared to be under martial law...

I call on all citizens to be completely calm and maintain the order necessary to save the Motherland. I call on all members of the army and navy to selflessly and calmly fulfill their duty - defending the Motherland from an external enemy!”

^ From Kornilov

“Russian people, our great Motherland is dying!

The hour of death is near!

Forced to speak openly, I, General Kornilov, declare that the Provisional Government, under pressure from the Bolshevik majority of the Soviets, is acting in full accordance with the plans of the German General Staff and, simultaneously with the upcoming landing of enemy forces on the Riga coast, is killing the army and shaking the country internally.

The heavy consciousness of the imminent death of the country commands me in these menacing moments to call on all Russian people to save the dying Motherland. All who have a Russian heart beating in their chest, all who believe in God, in churches, pray to the Lord God for the manifestation of the greatest miracle, the miracle of saving our native land.

“I, General Kornilov, the son of a Cossack peasant, declare to one and all that I personally do not need anything except the preservation of great Russia, and I swear to bring the people through victory over the enemy to the Constituent Assembly.”

Materials for completing task 3 groups:

The alignment of political forces and political struggle.

After February 1917, forces oriented towards tsarism left the political arena: the Black Hundreds, the monarchists.

The Octobrists and Progressives also failed to find their political niche.

Until June 1917, the leading ruling party became the Cadets, who at their VII Congress in March 1917 declared themselves not only anti-monarchists, but even sympathizers of socialism.

After the February Revolution, the Mensheviks played an important role in the upper echelon of power. Conceptually, they believed that Russia should go through a long stage of bourgeois-democratic development, in which power should belong first to the bourgeoisie and then to a coalition of classes. Hence their support and influence of the Provisional Government. The Mensheviks were not a monolithic party; there were several movements and groups in it, the predominant role among which was played by the Menshevik defencists, who advocated an alliance with the bourgeoisie and supported the slogan “continuation of the war until victory.”

The Socialist Revolutionaries became a large and influential party. They advocated a coalition with the Cadets, supported and became members of the Provisional Government, justifying this by the fact that “socialism in Russia is too young and will certainly fail miserably if it itself tries to take the helm of state.”

The political line of the Bolsheviks was significantly different from all other political forces in Russia. Especially after the return of V.I. in April 1917. Lenin to Russia, the Bolsheviks began to sharply oppose the support of the Provisional Government for the transfer of full power to the Soviets.

An important slogan of the Bolsheviks was also the demand for an end to Russia's participation in the war.

In conditions of dual power, such tactics of the Bolsheviks should, in their opinion, very soon lead to an intensification of the political struggle and to their winning a majority in the Soviets. And indeed, their influence began to grow rapidly, especially since a series of power crises followed (the April, June, July crisis of the Provisional Government), an unsuccessful offensive on the fronts and, as a consequence of all, the July events in Petrograd, which prompted the Bolsheviks to prepare for an armed uprising in Petrograd (see . paragraph material).

Conclusions in groups on the problem “Why the Bolsheviks came to power in October 1917” are discussed and argued.

Slide 2

Prerequisites for the February Revolution

The prerequisites for the February Revolution were the incompleteness of the first revolution of 1905-1907. 1. the tasks of democratizing society were not finally resolved (with the exception of small concessions made by the Manifesto of October 17, 1905), the Constituent Assembly was not convened, which caused discontent among liberals; 2. the basic demand of the workers was not satisfied - the introduction of an 8-hour working day; 3. despite the reforms of P. Stolypin, the agrarian question was not finally resolved, which became the reason for the discontent of the peasants; 4. the lack of political rights and freedoms has intensified the illegal activities of opposition parties; 5. Social tension was promoted by Russia’s participation in the First World War (failures at the front, the death of millions of soldiers, deterioration of living conditions); 6. crisis of power (the activities of G. Rasputin, the short-sighted policy of the government, the “ministerial leapfrog”, the radicalization of cadets and monarchists (they killed Rasputin), the emergence in the IV State Duma in 1915 of the Cadet-Octobrist “Progressive Bloc”, which demanded “to create government enjoying the confidence of the country").

Slide 3

It is characteristic that even those who were involved in the events of the revolution explained the reasons for the revolution differently: monarchists believed that the revolution was the result of a Masonic conspiracy of liberals and the bourgeoisie; the Octobrists and Cadets saw the origins in the failure of all attempts at compromise with the government, believing that the revolution was a popular, democratic and national one; The Bolsheviks believed that the revolution began because the government “could no longer” carry out reforms, and the lower classes no longer “wanted” government reforms. The February bourgeois revolution for them was only the first step towards the socialist revolution.

Slide 4

Main events of the February Revolution

02/18/17 – start of the strike at the Putilov plant; 02/23/17 – general strike (beginning of the revolution); 02.25.17 – political demands began to dominate the strike; 02.26.17 – shooting of a demonstration in the center of Petrograd, which provoked the transition of the Petrograd garrison to the side of the rebels; 02.27.17 – arrest of tsarist ministers, release of political prisoners; Manifesto of the Central Committee of the RSDLP “To all citizens of Russia”, declaring the victory of the revolution; formation of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' Deputies; creation of the Temporary Committee of the State Duma; 03/01/17 - “Order No. 1” of the Petrograd Soviet, which removed the Petrograd garrison from subordination to the old command; Manifesto of Nicholas II on abdication in favor of Alexei; 03/02/17 – formation of the Provisional Government; Manifesto of Nicholas II on abdication in favor of Michael; 03.03.17 – Michael’s refusal of the throne; collapse of the Russian autocracy.

Slide 5

Dynamics of the revolution

Slide 6

Revolutionary soldiers at Liteiny (February 1917)

Slide 7

Results of the February Revolution

The fall of autocracy; establishment of dual power; revival and development of the Soviets; regrouping of political forces in Russia.

Slide 8

Russia during the period of dual power. Activities of the Provisional Government

Abolition of the death penalty and courts-martial; abolition of hard labor and exile; establishing freedom of assembly and unions; preservation of most of the old government institutions and the code of laws of the Russian Empire; transfer of cabinet and appanage lands to the state; creation of land committees to prepare land reform; formation of the Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Food; adoption of the law on factory committees; confirmation of all loan obligations and government orders; adoption of the law “On the abolition of religious and national restrictions”; recognition of all obligations to the Entente allies.

Slide 9

Slide 10

Meeting of the Provisional Government at the Mariinsky Palace

Slide 11

Slide 12

Order No. 1 was addressed to the capital's garrison, all soldiers of the guard, army, artillery and navy sailors for immediate execution. The order prescribed the creation of elected committees from representatives of the lower ranks. The main thing in order No. 1 was the third point, according to which in all political speeches, military units were now subordinate not to officers, but to their elected committees and the Council. The order deprived the Duma Committee of the opportunity to use the army in its own interests. With the adoption of Order No. 1 in the army, the principle of unity of command, fundamental to any army, was violated. There was a sharp decline in the discipline and combat effectiveness of the old Russian army, which ultimately contributed to its collapse.

Slide 13

At the Tauride Palace on the opening day of the first meeting of the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies on March 2, 1917.

Slide 14

Slide 15

Crises of the Provisional Government

Slide 16

“April Theses” by V.I. Lenin

The work formulates the tactics of the Bolshevik struggle under conditions of dual power: ending the war; confiscation of all landowners' lands and nationalization of all lands; refusal to support the Provisional Government; peaceful transfer of power to the Soviets; establishment of Bolshevik control over the Soviets.

Slide 17

The July crisis removed the slogan of transferring power to the Soviets from the agenda. The provisional government strengthened its position.

Slide 1

Slide 2

PLAN FOR STUDYING THE TOPIC. 1. Causes of the revolution. 2. Attempts to save the monarchy. 3. On the eve of the revolution. 4. The king's reaction. 5. The course of events on February 18-27, the actions of the tsar, the tactics of the Duma members. 6. Results of the February revolution, the liquidation of the monarchy on March 2, 1917. 7. The essence of dual power. 8. Political parties from February to October. 9. Crises of the Provisional Government, I Congress of Soviets, June 3-27.

Slide 3

DUAL POWER (FROM FEBRUARY 27) “Temporary” - until the convening of the Constituent Assembly (September, but postponed) Support: bourgeois, intellectuals, part of the landowners. -Continuation of the war until victory, refusal to introduce an 8-hour work day; promise of broad democrats Freedom, Crop Protection Law. Prince G.E. Lvov, A.F. Kerensky Support: workers, part of the intelligentsia, peasants. Requirements: 8-hour work. day, introduction of work. control, land to peasants, factories to workers. Order No. 1 – watered. rights to soldiers N.S. Chkheidze, M.I. Skobelev Provisional Government Petrograd Soviet

Slide 4

Slide 5

POLITICAL PARTIES FROM FEBRUARY TO OCTOBER. Pressing issues: Attitude to war The question of land The question of power To be successful, the party must be populist and numerous. Right-wing parties: Union of Russian People, Union of Michael the Archangel Leaders ceased their activities: Cadets - P.N. Milyukov; Eserov - V.M. Chernov, N.D. Avksentyev; Menshevikov - I.G. Tsereteli, F.I. Dan; Bolsheviks - V.I. Lenin.

Slide 6

Who will the people follow? Right Center Left Cadets Right Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks Left Socialist Revolutionaries and Bolsheviks 70 thousand - 100 thousand The idea of a long-term evolution of the country according to the Western model on a parliamentary basis - for the republic - war - until victory Russia - united and indivisible agrarian question - after the end of the war 800 thousand . 200 thousand War until victory (revolutionary defencism) all issues - before the Constituent Assembly after the war agr.: socialization of the land (AKP), municipalization (men.) power to the Provisional Government 25 thousand (conspiracy) In 2 months. - 100 thousand Lenin - from emigration in April, the country does not know him, he put forward a program - April Theses: Exit from the war Nationalization of the land, transferring it to the peasants Dictatorship of the proletariat “All power to the Soviets!”

Slide 7

Write down definitions of terms. Revolutionary defencism is the continuation of war in order to protect the revolution and democratic freedoms. Socialization of land - the elimination of private ownership of land, turning it into public property with the provision of land to peasants without the right to buy and sell. Land municipalization is the transfer of land to local governments for subsequent distribution to users.

Slide 8

PLAN FOR STUDYING THE TOPIC. 10. Results of the June offensive. 11. Consequences of defeat. 12. July crisis of power, its results. 13. Further actions of the Bolsheviks. 14. Kornilov rebellion. 15. Crisis of power, creation of new power structures. 16.October armed uprising. 17.Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

Slide 9

CONSEQUENCES OF DEFEAT. Patriotic circles realized that in order to increase the combat effectiveness of the army it was necessary to suppress the destructive forces, first of all, the Bolsheviks. Left radicals have declared a lack of trust in the Provisional Government and are making plans to seize power.

Slide 10

BOLSHEVIKS Tactics - pressure on the government; highly valued the steps already taken to democratize society; in the course of the socialist revolution they saw the danger of getting ahead of themselves. Course for revolution. July 26 – August 3 – VI Congress of the RSDLP(b). Lenin's authority prevailed. The congress called on all Bolsheviks to form combat columns. Moderate wing (Kamenev, Zinoviev, Kalinin) Supporters of the uprising (Lenin, Stalin, Bukharin, Sverdlov, Trotsky)

Slide 11

PROGRAM OF L.G. KORNILOV Termination of state intervention in economic and social affairs. Demobilization of 4 million soldiers with the allocation of 8 acres of land to each to create a loyal support for the government in the countryside. The establishment of a new form of government in Russia through the creation of the People's Defense Council and a coalition government under it.

Slide 12

Kornilov was to be executed; but when this happens, I will come to the grave, bring flowers and kneel before the Russian patriot. (Kerensky) General Romanovsky - one of the generals arrested along with General Kornilov - said later: “They can shoot Kornilov, send his accomplices to hard labor, but “Kornilovism” will not die in Russia, since “Kornilovism” is love for the Motherland, the desire to save Russia, and these lofty motives should not be thrown under any mud, not trampled upon by any haters of Russia.” “One can and should disagree with Kornilov. But the fact that this white general was a decent man, a good intelligence officer and an undoubted hero cannot be forgotten” (J.V. Stalin).

Slide 13

CRISIS OF AUTHORITY. On September 1, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee declared Russia a republic. September 3 – executive power was handed over to the Directory (6 people headed by Kerensky). October 2 – Pre-Parliament – Democratic Council of the Republic – legislative advisory body. The army ceased to serve as a support for state power (desertion, fraternization). The number of striking workers increased 7-8 times as of Wednesday. with spring. Peasant protests: May – 3 thousand, October – more than 5 thousand.

Slide 14

N.A. BERDYAEV. The new liberal government, which took over after the February coup, proclaimed abstract humane principles, abstract principles of law, in which there was no organizing force, no energy of the infectious mass... In the revolutionary era, people of extreme principles, prone and capable of dictatorship, win,... .which could only stop the process of final decomposition.

Slide 15

Slide 16

DECISIONS OF THE CONGRESS. Decree on Peace: Russia’s withdrawal from the war, an appeal to all warring nations for peace without annexations and indemnities. Decree on Land: nationalization of all land. Decree on power.

Presentation on the topic "From February to October" on history in powerpoint format. This presentation for schoolchildren tells about historical events and political struggle in Russia during the period between the February and October revolutions. Author of the presentation: Valentina Mikhailovna Sosnova, history teacher.

Fragments from the presentation

DUAL POWER (FROM FEBRUARY 27)

Provisional Government

“Temporary” – until the convening of the Constituent Assembly (September, but postponed)
Support: bourgeois, intellectuals, some landowners.
-Continuation of the war until victory, refusal to introduce an 8-hour work day; promise of broad democrats Freedoms, Law on the Protection of Crops.
Prince G.E. Lvov, A.F. Kerensky

Support: workers, part of the intelligentsia, peasants.
Requirements: 8-hour work. day, introduction of work. control, land to peasants, factories to workers.
Order No. 1 – watered. soldiers' rights
N.S. Chkheidze, M.I. Skobelev

Revolutionary defencism– continuation of the war in order to protect the revolution and democratic freedoms.
Socialization of the land– liquidation of private ownership of land, turning it into public property with the provision of land to peasants without the right to buy and sell.
Municipalization of land– transfer of land to the disposal of local self-government bodies for subsequent distribution to users.

Bolsheviks

Moderate wing (Kamenev, Zinoviev, Kalinin)

Tactics - pressure on the government; highly valued the steps already taken to democratize society; in the course of the socialist revolution they saw the danger of getting ahead of themselves.

Supporters of the uprising (Lenin, Stalin, Bukharin, Sverdlov, Trotsky)

Course for revolution.
July 26 – August 3 – VI Congress of the RSDLP(b). Lenin's authority prevailed. The congress called on all Bolsheviks to form combat columns.

Kornilov program

Ending government intervention in economic and social affairs.
Demobilization of 4 million soldiers with the allocation of 8 acres of land to each to create a loyal support for the government in the countryside.
The establishment of a new form of government in Russia through the creation of the People's Defense Council and a coalition government under it.

Crisis of power

On September 1, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee declared Russia a republic.
September 3 – executive power was handed over to the Directory (6 people headed by Kerensky).
October 2 – Pre-Parliament – Democratic Council of the Republic – legislative advisory body.
The army ceased to serve as a support for state power (desertion, fraternization).
The number of striking workers increased 7-8 times as of Wednesday. with spring.
Peasant protests: May – 3 thousand, October – more than 5 thousand.