OPTION 1

2. Choose two correct answers out of five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. Examples of which scientific methods illustrates the plot of the painting by the Dutch artist J. Steen “Pulse”?

1) abstraction

2) modeling

3) experiment

4) measurement

5) observation

3. What function do nucleic acids perform in a cell?

1) are the keepers of hereditary information

2) carry out homeostasis

3) transfer hereditary information from the nucleus to the ribosome

4) participate in protein synthesis

5) are part of the cell membrane

6) perform a signaling function

6. Determine the ratio of phenotypes in the offspring of a monohybrid crossing of two heterozygous organisms with incomplete dominance. Write down the answer as a sequence of numbers showing the ratio of the resulting phenotypes,starting with the dominant phenotype.

15. It is known that the potato or tuberous nightshade, a type of herbaceous plant, is the most important food, industrial and fodder crop.

Using this information, select statements from the list below that describe these characteristics of this organism.

Write down the numbers corresponding to the selected answer in the table.

1. Potato herbaceous plant with a bare ribbed stem, odd-pinnate leaves.
2. The homeland of potatoes is the coast of Chile and Peru.
3. Europeans did not know the potato until 1565, before the Spanish visited South America.
4. Until the end of the 18th century, potatoes were cultivated as an ornamental plant.
5. Starch, molasses and alcohol are obtained from potato tubers.
6. Potatoes are used for fattening farm animals.

19. Establish the sequence of evolutionary processes of formation of the main groups of animals that occurred on Earth, in chronological order. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in the table

20 . Insert into the text “Similarity of mushrooms with plants and animals” the missing terms from the proposed list, using numerical notations. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (according to the text) in the table below.

SIMILARITY OF MUSHROOMS TO PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Mushrooms combine characteristics of both plants and animals. Like plants, mushrooms are immobile and constantly growing. On the outside, their cells, like plant cells, are covered with ___________ (A). Inside the cell they lack green ___________ (B). Fungi are similar to animals in that they do not store ___________(B) in their cells and they feed on ready-made organic substances. The cell wall of fungi includes ___________(D).

LIST OF TERMS:

1) plasma membrane 2) cell wall 3) plastids 4) Golgi complex

5) mitochondria 6) starch 7) glycogen 8) chitin

21. P using the table " Nutritional value some fish" and knowledge from the field of biology, choose the correct statements

1) Salmon contains the highest proportion of proteins compared to other fish.

2) Sprat contains the largest proportion of fats compared to other fish.

4) Vobla is the lowest calorie fish.

5) All these fish are representatives of the Herring order.

Part 2

22. Why is it not recommended to store wet seeds in a granary? What's happening to them?

23. What are the formations on the roots of the plant shown? What type of relationships between organisms does the picture illustrate? Explain the significance of this relationship for both organisms.

24. Find three errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which errors were made and correct them.

1. Fungi and bacteria are classified as prokaryotes. 2. There is a wide variety of mushrooms: yeast, molds, cap mushrooms, etc. 3. Common feature multicellular fungi is the formation of a vegetative body from thin branching filaments that form a mycelium. 4. A fungal cell has a cell wall consisting of chitin and membrane organelles. 5. Spare nutrient is glycogen. 6. Mushrooms have an autotrophic type of nutrition. 7. Fungal growth stops after the spores mature.

25. What functions does the nervous system perform in the human body? Give at least three functions. Explain your answer.

26. Flounder is a bottom-dwelling fish, adapted to life in the seas, blending into the background of the seabed. Name the type of coloration and explain its significance, as well as the relative nature of fitness.

27. The chromosome set of somatic potato cells is 48. Determine the chromosome set and the number of DNA molecules in cells during meiosis in prophase of meiosis I and metaphase of meiosis II. Explain all your results.

28. In homozygous sheep, the gray color gene causes the death of embryos. In the first crossbreeding of sheep with gray coat color and horns, some of the offspring turned out to have black coat and were hornless. In the second cross between sheep with gray coat color, horned (homozygous), the offspring with gray coat color, horned and with black coat color, horned, were obtained in a ratio of 2: 1. The genes are not linked. Make a diagram for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of parental individuals, genotypes and phenotypes of possible offspring in crosses. Explain the phenotypic cleavages of the offspring of two crosses.

OPTION 2

1. Consider the diagram. Write down the missing term in the diagram, indicated by a question mark.

1. Choose two correct answers out of five and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table. The ringing method is used for

1) determining the timing and routes of bird migration

2) studying the flight mechanisms of birds at different altitudes

3) determining the behavioral characteristics of poultry

4) assessing the damage caused to humans by birds

5) determining the life expectancy of birds

6. Determine the ratio of phenotypes in the offspring when crossing females and males with AaBb genotypes, taking into account that the genes are not linked to each other and complete dominance is observed. Write down the answer as a sequence of numbers showing the ratio of the resulting phenotypes,in descending order.

20. Insert into the text “Vital activity of a plant” the missing terms from the proposed list, using numerical notations. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (according to the text) in the table below.

VITAL ACTIVITIES OF THE PLANT

The plant receives water in the form of soil solution through the ___________ (A) root. The above-ground parts of the plant, mainly ___________ (B), on the contrary, through special cells - ___________ (C) evaporate a significant amount of water. In this case, water is used not only for evaporation, but also as a starting material for the formation of organic substances during the process ___________ (D).

LIST OF TERMS:

1) respiration 2) root cap 3) root hair 4) leaf

5) shoot 6) stem 7) stomata 8) photosynthesis

21. Using the table “Acidity of juices and secretions in the human digestive tract” and knowledge of the biology course, select the correct statements:

2) With heartburn, the pH of the esophagus drops sharply.

3) An empty (fasting) stomach has the most alkaline environment.

4) During a fast, there is a risk of developing a duodenal ulcer.

5) In the acidic environment of the stomach, carbohydrates are broken down better.

Part 2.

22. It is known that at high temperatures environment the skin of the face turns red and turns pale when low. Explain why this happens.

23. Name the organism shown in the figure and the kingdom to which it belongs. What is indicated by numbers 1, 2? What is the role of these organisms in the ecosystem?

24. Find three errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made, correct them.

1. G. Mendel is rightfully considered the founder of genetics. 2. He found that during a monohybrid crossing, the characteristics are split in a ratio of 3: 1. 3. During a dihybrid crossing, the characters are split in the second generation in a ratio of 1: 2: 1. 4. Such splitting occurs if the genes are located on non-homologous chromosomes. 5. T. Morgan established that if genes are located on the same chromosome, then traits are inherited exclusively together, that is, linked. 6. Such genes form a linkage group. 7. The number of linkage groups is equal to the diploid set of chromosomes.

25. What is the role of mitochondria in metabolism? Which tissue - muscle or connective tissue - contains more mitochondria? Explain why.

26. What is the negative impact of human activity on flora biosphere? Give at least four examples and explain their impact.

27. The karyotype of one fish species is 56 chromosomes. Determine the number of chromosomes during spermatogenesis in the cells of the growth zone and in the cells of the maturation zone at the end of the first division. Explain what processes occur in these zones.

28. In humans, deafness is an autosomal, recessive trait; color blindness is a recessive trait linked to sex (Xd). A woman healthy according to these two characteristics married a man suffering from deafness and color blindness. They had a daughter with good hearing and color blindness and a son who was deaf and color blind. Make a diagram for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of the parents, all possible genotypes and phenotypes of the children. Determine the probability of having children suffering from both anomalies. What gender will they be? Indicate their genotypes.

Source of information document from the official website of FIPI - METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS for teachers, prepared based on an analysis of typical mistakes of participants in the 2017 Unified State Exam in BIOLOGY

Conducted qualitative analysis the examinees' answers made it possible to determine the range of problems associated with mastering certain content elements, identifying difficulties and typical mistakes, repeating from year to year. In order to more effectively organize the teaching of a biology course and prepare graduates for the Unified State Exam in biology, we recommend paying attention to a number of substantive and organizational aspects in building the educational process.

Firstly, you should conduct an analysis of typical errors and difficulties identified based on the results of the 2017 exam. To do this, you need to use the results presented in Section 4 of this report, and also get acquainted with the results of the analysis provided by the regional commissions of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Secondly, in order to overcome the difficulties that have arisen and obtain better results in 2018. teaching staff(biology teacher) needs to work through the following definitions as deeply as possible with graduates: methods of studying wildlife, selection and biotechnology; biological terminology and symbolism; chemical composition cells; features of metabolism and energy conversion, stages energy metabolism, photosynthesis, chemosynthesis; chromosome set of somatic and germ cells; phases of mitosis and meiosis; patterns of individual development of organisms, heredity and variability; ontogenesis of plants and animals, development cycles of the main divisions of plants; the main characteristics of kingdoms, types, divisions, classes of living nature, structural features of plants and animals; structure of sensory systems, neurohumoral regulation of the human body, features of autonomic nervous system, higher nervous activity of a person; internal environment of the human body, immunity, metabolism and energy conversion in the human body; signs of differences and kinship between humans and animals; driving forces of evolution and their significance; adaptability of organisms to their environment; directions and paths of evolution, main aromorphoses and idioadaptations in the development of plants and animals; ecosystem and its components, environmental factors, the role of plants and animals in biocenoses; functions of the living matter of the planet; cycles of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, phosphorus in nature; global changes in the biosphere caused by human activity.

To obtain maximum scores, when preparing for the exam, graduates should pay attention to their mastery of general academic and subject skills, namely: know and understand: the essence of gene interaction; patterns of variability; linked inheritance; reproduction and individual development of plants; heterosis; circulation of substances and energy conversion in ecosystems and the biosphere; vital processes of both the whole human body and individual organ systems; structure and characteristics of viruses; obtaining polyploids and distant hybrids, and also be able to explain: the role of biological theories and laws; common origin of living organisms; evolution of plants and animals; relationships between organisms, humans and the environment; reasons for sustainability, self-regulation, self-development and change of ecosystems, reasons for the evolution of species; be able to: establish relationships between the driving forces of evolution, paths and directions of evolution; compare biological processes and phenomena; phases of mitosis and meiosis; recognize and describe biological objects; determine the belonging of biological objects to a certain systematic group.

Thirdly x, before starting preparation, you should be very careful about the selection of educational literature. It is advisable to introduce graduates to all textbooks that are recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for basic and high school, both basic and specialized levels. Although preparation is carried out, as a rule, using a limited number of textbooks, graduates’ attention should be drawn to the presentation of the same topics by different authors. In some cases, additional textbooks and manuals can also be used as sources of examples and arguments when explaining a particular process or phenomenon.

Fourth, in lessons and in extracurricular activities it is necessary to ensure that graduates systematically master the main content of the biology course (basic and specialized levels) and learn to operate various types of educational activities presented in the codifier by the elements of content and requirements for the level of training of graduates. To do this, you should plan regular monitoring to practice individual skills as part of both studying current content and repeating the material covered.

Fifthly, implementing your own work program and when organizing work with educational literature, you should pay attention to close attention on material that traditionally causes difficulties for many graduates, and carefully work through it.

V-poles x, in order to achieve high results in the exam in the educational process, it is recommended to gradually increase the proportion independent work graduates, both in class and outside of class, focus on completing research and practical tasks. To develop the skills to solve problems in cytology and genetics, you need to practice algorithms for solving them.

Seventh, when conducting various forms of current and intermediate control in the educational process, high-quality tasks should be widely used different types. So, do not forget about tasks with the choice of one correct answer. With proper organization of work with such tasks, ongoing monitoring can be successfully carried out. Special attention should be given to tasks that are presented in the current versions of the Unified State Exam: multiple choice (with or without a picture); establishing correspondence (with or without a picture); establishing the sequence of systematic taxa, biological objects, processes, phenomena; solving biological problems in cytology and genetics; addition of missing information in the diagram; addition of missing information in the table; analysis of information presented in graphical or tabular form, as well as tasks with a free detailed answer, requiring students to be able to reasonably and concisely and logically express their thoughts, apply theoretical knowledge in practice.

To directly prepare for the final certification in the form of the Unified State Exam, it is recommended to use training and methodological materials developed with the participation of members of the working group federal commission in biology FIPI, since not all textbooks give an adequate idea of ​​control measurement materials.

In the control measurement materials of the Unified State Exam in Biology 2018, changes in the structure and types of tasks are not planned. In order to expand the tested content and subject skills, it is planned to include tasks with new plots in the existing lines of Part 2. Examples of such tasks are presented in the demo version. Taking into account the results of the Unified State Exam 2017, the difficulty level of some lines was changed, which resulted in a correct modification in the ratio of tasks of basic, advanced and high levels.

SPECIFICATION
control measuring materials
Unified State Exam 2017 in BIOLOGY

1. Purpose of KIM Unified State Exam

The Unified State Exam (hereinafter referred to as the Unified State Exam) is a form of objective assessment of the quality of training of persons who have completed secondary education programs general education, using tasks of a standardized form (control measuring materials).

The Unified State Examination is conducted in accordance with the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation.”

Control measuring materials make it possible to establish the level of mastery by graduates of the Federal component of the state standard of secondary (complete) general education in biology, the basic and specialized level.

The results of the unified state exam in biology are recognized educational organizations average vocational education and educational organizations of higher
professional education as the results of entrance tests in biology.

2. Documents defining the content of the Unified State Exam KIM

3. Approaches to selecting content and developing the structure of the Unified State Exam KIM

The basis for the development of the Unified State Exam KIM is the invariant core of the content of biological education, which is reflected in the Federal component of the state standard of secondary (complete) general education, various sample programs and textbooks recommended by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science for use in the implementation of those with state accreditation educational programs secondary general education in biology.
KIM Unified State Exam tests graduates’ mastery of knowledge and skills in the main sections of the biology course: “Plants”, “Bacteria. Mushrooms. Lichens”, “Animals”, “Man and his health”, “General biology”. This allows the test to cover the main content of the course and ensure the content validity of the CMM. The content of the KIM Unified State Exam does not go beyond the scope of the high school biology course and does not depend on what program and what textbook is taught in a particular educational organization.

The examination work is dominated by tasks in the “General Biology” section, since it integrates and generalizes the factual knowledge acquired in basic school, and examines general biological patterns that manifest themselves at different levels of the organization of living nature. These include: cellular, chromosomal, evolutionary theories; laws of heredity and variability; ecological patterns of biosphere development.

Assignments that control the degree of mastery of knowledge and skills cover the most essential issues of the biology course content and test the graduates’ level of scientific worldview and biological competence.

4. Structure of KIM Unified State Exam

Each version of the CMM exam paper contains 28 tasks and consists of two parts that differ in form and level of complexity. Part 1 contains 21 tasks:

7 - multiple choice with or without a picture;
6 - to establish correspondence with or without a picture;
3 - to establish the sequence of systematic taxa, biological objects, processes, phenomena;
2 - to solve biological problems in cytology and genetics;
1 - to supplement the missing information in the diagram;
1 - to supplement the missing information in the table;
1 - to analyze information presented in graphical or tabular form.

The answer to the tasks of Part 1 is given by the corresponding entry in the form of a word (phrase), number or sequence of numbers written without spaces or separating characters.

Part 2 contains 7 tasks with detailed answers. In these tasks, the answer is formulated and written down by the examinee independently in detailed form. The tasks of this part of the work are aimed at identifying graduates who have high level biological preparation.

In part 1, tasks 1-21 are grouped into content blocks presented in the codifier, which provides more accessible
perception of information. In part 2, tasks are grouped depending on the types of learning activities being tested and in accordance with thematic affiliation.

FIPI Unified State Exam, OGE 2020 and 2019 free download (links)

08.01.2020

Definitions:
Unified State Exam (USE)- exam in secondary schools centrally conducted in Russia educational institutions- schools, lyceums and gymnasiums, the form of conducting the State Examination for educational programs of secondary general education. It serves as both a school graduation exam and an entrance exam to universities. When conducting the exam throughout Russia, the same type of tasks and uniform methods for assessing the quality of work are used. After passing the exam, all participants are issued certificates of Unified State Exam results(in everyday life often called certificates), which indicate the points received in subjects. Since 2009, the Unified State Exam has been the only form of school final examinations and the main form entrance exams to universities, with the possibility of re-taking the Unified State Exam in subsequent years. .

Main State Exam (OGE) is a mandatory exam at the end of the 9th grade of secondary school in Russia, an analogue of the Unified State Exam for 11th graders. Serves to control the knowledge acquired by students over 9 years, as well as for admission to institutions of secondary vocational education (colleges and technical schools). Is one of three forms GIA.

GIA - State final certification is a form of state control (assessment) of the mastery by graduates of grades 9 (10) and 11 (12) of basic general education programs of basic general and secondary general education in accordance with the requirements of the federal state educational standard of secondary general education.
State final certification of graduates of grades 9 (10) is carried out in the form of a unified state exam, as well as in the form of a state final exam.
State final certification of graduates of grades 9 (10) is carried out in the form of the main state exam (OGE) using control measuring materials, which are sets of tasks of a standardized form; for certain categories of persons - in the form of written and oral examinations using texts, topics, assignments, tickets (state final exam), the completion of which makes it possible to establish the level of mastery of the federal state standard of basic general education.

Download:

Documents are presented that define the structure and content of control measurement materials of the unified state exam:
- codifiers of content elements and requirements for the level of training of graduates educational institutions to conduct a unified state exam;
- specifications of control measuring materials for the Unified State Exam;
- demo options control measurement materials of the unified state exam.

Download Unified State Exam 2020(Demover theses, specifications, codifiers)
GERMAN LANGUAGE (8 Mb)
FRENCH LANGUAGE (7.5 Mb)
SPANISH (7.8 Mb)
CHINESE LANGUAGE (7.3 Mb)
Information about changes in the Unified State Exam KIM 2020 (144.1 Kb)
ENGLISH audio (24.8 Mb)
GERMAN audio (24.3 Mb)
FRENCH audio (8.3 Mb)
SPANISH audio (26 Mb)
CHINESE audio (16.1 Mb)
Rules for filling out Unified State Exam forms in 2020 (2.4 Mb)
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (3.3 Mb)
MATHEMATICS (5.7 Mb)
PHYSICS (3.6 Mb)
CHEMISTRY (3.8 Mb)
COMPUTER SCIENCE and ICT (5.1 Mb)
BIOLOGY (5.2 Mb)
HISTORY (6.6 Mb)
GEOGRAPHY (6.5 Mb)
SOCIAL STUDIES (3.7 Mb)
LITERATURE (3.4 Mb)
ENGLISH (8 Mb)

Download Unified State Exam 2019(Demos, specifications, codes):
Information about changes in the Unified State Exam KIM 2019 (271.1 Kb)
BIOLOGY (2.9 Mb)
GEOGRAPHY (5.8 Mb)
COMPUTER SCIENCE and ICT (1.7 Mb)
HISTORY (4.8 Mb)
LITERATURE (1.6 Mb)
MATHEMATICS (3.4 Mb)
SOCIAL STUDIES (2.3 Mb)
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE (1.9 Mb)
PHYSICS (2.2 Mb)
CHEMISTRY (2.5 Mb)
ENGLISH (29.4 Mb)
GERMAN LANGUAGE (27.7 Mb)
SPANISH (33.1 Mb)
FRENCH LANGUAGE (30.1 Mb)
CHINESE LANGUAGE (16.9 Mb)

Image

OGE
Documents are presented that define the content of control measurement materials of the main state exam (OGE):
- codifiers of content elements and requirements for the level of training of students who have mastered the basic general education programs of basic general education;
- specifications of control measuring materials for conducting the main state exam in general education subjects for students who have mastered the basic general education programs of basic general education;
- demonstration versions of control measuring materials for conducting the main state exam in general education subjects for students who have mastered the basic general education programs of basic general education.

Download OGE 2020(Demo versions, specifications, codifiers)

Unified State Exam 2017. Biology. Typical test tasks. Kalinova G.S.

M.: 2017. - 112 p.

Typical test tasks in biology contain 10 variant sets of tasks, compiled taking into account all the features and requirements of the Unified State Exam in 2017. The purpose of the manual is to provide readers with information about the structure and content of the 2017 test measurement materials in biology, their differences from previous years, and the degree of difficulty of the tasks. The manual provides answers to all test options, and also provides samples of forms used in the Unified State Exam for recording answers and solutions. The manual is intended for teachers to prepare students for the biology exam, as well as for high school students - for self-preparation and self-control.

Format: pdf

Size: 3.2 MB

Watch, download:drive.google

CONTENT
Introduction 4
Instructions for performing work 9
OPTION 1 10
Part 1 Yu
Part 2 15
OPTION 2 18
Part 1 18
Part 2 24
OPTION 3 26
Part 1 26
Part 2 31
OPTION 4 32
Part 1 32
Part 2 38
OPTION 5 39
Part 1 39
Part 2 45
OPTION 6 46
Part 1 46
Part 2 52
OPTION 7 53
Part 1 53
Part 2 58
OPTION 8 61
Part 1 61
Part 2 67
OPTION 9 69
Part 1 69
Part 2 74
OPTION 10 76
Part 1 76
Part 2 82
ANSWERS. 83
Option 1: 83
Option 2 86
Option 3 89
Option 4 92
Option 5 95
Option 6^98
Option 7 101
Option 8 104
Option 9 Yu7
Option 10 110

The proposed manual is addressed to high school students and graduates to prepare for the Unified State Exam in Biology. The biology exam is one of the exams that a high school graduate secondary school rents by choice. The Unified State Examination is carried out using tasks of a standardized form - control measuring materials (CMM), which test biological knowledge for the entire school course from grades 5 to 11. In 2017, special emphasis was placed on strengthening the activity basis and practice-oriented orientation of KIM. This required adjusting approaches to constructing a new examination paper and including tasks of a new format.
The basis for the development of the Unified State Exam KIM, as in previous years, is the invariant core of the content of biological education, which is reflected in the State educational standard of secondary (complete) general education, various sample programs and textbooks recommended by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science for use in the implementation of state-accredited educational programs secondary general education in biology.
The content of control measurement materials covers all sections of the biology course in primary and secondary schools. The object of control is the knowledge and skills of schoolchildren, formed while studying all sections of the biology course: “Plants”, “Bacteria. Mushrooms. Lichens”, “Animals”, “Man and his health”, “General biology”. This allows the test to cover the main content of the course and ensure the validity of control measurement materials. The examination work is still dominated by tasks in the “General Biology” section, since it integrates and generalizes the factual knowledge acquired in basic school and secondary school, and examines general biological patterns that appear at different levels of the organization of living nature. The content of the KIM Unified State Exam does not go beyond the biology course of a specialized high school and does not depend on what program and what textbook is taught at school.