Affixless ways of word formation. Illustrate these methods with examples from the text. Give examples of occasional substantivization in the text.

Depending on the specific conditions, the following manure removal and cleaning technologies are used.

1. technology for collecting, removing, storing and applying solid litter manure to the soil.

2. technology for collecting and removing liquid manure without bedding with the preparation, storage and application of solid compost into the soil, obtained using peat, chopped straw, sawdust, other composting materials and mineral fertilizers.

3. technology for collecting and removing liquid manure without bedding, storing and introducing it into the soil in liquid form.

4. technology for collecting and removing liquid manure without bedding, dividing it into solid and liquid fractions, followed by storing and applying each fraction separately.

The first scheme is used mainly for tethered housing of cattle, loose housing on deep permanent litter, as well as in poultry houses with floor-based poultry housing.

The second scheme is used on large farms and complexes, mainly with free-stall cattle housing and with a sufficient supply of compostable materials.

The third scheme is used on large specialized farms and small complexes, provided that the entire output of liquid manure can be used as fertilizer within the farm without the accumulation of excess.

The fourth scheme, with the separation of liquid manure into fractions, is the most typical for large livestock complexes equipped with special wastewater treatment systems. After separating the manure, the solid fraction is used as ordinary solid manure for fertilizer, and the liquid fraction is subjected to complex processing for the purpose of disinfection, deodorization and clarification.

Mechanization of manure removal from livestock buildings can be carried out using mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic methods.

Mobile units 1 ton of manure is removed from the barn in 10 ... 25 minutes, while the cost of manual labor is 0.5 ... 1.2 minutes per cow per day.

The cost of working time is influenced by the height of the wall of the manure ditch-passage, the quantity and quality of litter, worker skills, labor organization, etc.

One of the disadvantages of the operation of mobile mechanization equipment is greater contamination of the manure passage than during the operation of stationary installations. Pollution can be significantly reduced due to a sufficient amount of good bedding and a high work culture. To prevent cold air from penetrating into the barn when removing manure in winter, it is necessary to create thermal air curtains.

Air pollution of the barn by tractor exhaust gases occurs when the tractor is started or operated with an unregulated engine and with poor ventilation. Therefore, it is necessary to install appropriate neutralizers. Hogs quickly get used to the noise of the tractor, and it doesn’t bother them much.

Stationary installations include scraper conveyors of circular and reciprocating motion, as well as rope-scraper installations and overhead roads.

The TSN type scraper conveyor (Fig. 119) consists of horizontal and inclined conveyors, which have individual drives and operate independently of each other.

The horizontal conveyor, installed in the manure channel of the livestock building, includes a hinged collapsible chain with scrapers attached to it, swivel sprockets and a tensioning device. The chain is driven by a 4 kW electric motor through a V-belt drive and gearbox.

The inclined conveyor has two channels in which a closed chain with scrapers moves. It loads manure into vehicles and is usually installed at the end of the livestock building, in the vestibule. A tractor trolley is placed under the upper end of the conveyor.

When the TSN conveyor is operating, manure dumped into the channel is moved to the lower rotary sector of the inclined conveyor and fed into a tractor trailer cart.

During operation, the tension of the conveyor chain is adjusted. A weakly tensioned chain jumps off the rotary and drive sprockets and lands on the drive sprocket, causing uneven movement (jerking) and premature failure of the conveyor. The chain is tensioned using a special device. The TSN-160 brand conveyor has an automatic tensioning device.

You cannot dump manure onto a stationary branch of the conveyor, since in this case, when starting the conveyor, the chain and drive mechanisms are suddenly overloaded. In addition, the conveyor scrapers can rise, which significantly reduces its productivity and degrades the quality of work.

Particular attention is paid to the maintenance of an inclined conveyor located outside the livestock building and operating in more difficult conditions, especially at low temperatures. First, the inclined conveyor is turned on, then the horizontal one. Turn off the conveyors in the reverse order.

Rod scraper Reciprocating conveyors are used to remove manure from cowsheds, pigsties, and poultry houses. Often similar conveyors are used for distributing feed. These conveyors are less metal intensive and more reliable compared to circular motion conveyors. Thanks to the reciprocating movement of the scrapers, the transported material is conveyed to its destination with minimal movement. As a result, the load on the working parts of the conveyor is significantly reduced and the duration of its operation is reduced.

Scraper installations , also moving back and forth, are used to remove manure from premises, transport it to manure receivers (on pig farms) and simultaneously load it into vehicles (on cattle farms). Such installations are easy to manufacture, reliable in operation, easily adapt to unevenness of the canal bottom, and require less metal and energy. The disadvantages of the installations are the fragility and difficulty of connecting the cable if it breaks, the difficulty of installing the inclined part of the manure channels.

The installation consists of scrapers, a cable, a drive and a tension device. Scrapers are installed in manure channels with a width of 40 ... 70 cm and a depth of up to 50 cm on angle steel guides laid along the bottom of the channel.

A cable with a diameter of 10 ... 15 mm is stretched in the manure channels, to which scrapers are attached. Scrapers of various designs are used to remove manure.

The most common scrapers are the “boom” type (in US installations) and the “carriage” type (in TS-1 and UVN-800 installations).

Scraper installations are used when removing manure from premises for free-stall housing of cattle (US-10, US-12 and US-250) and when removing bedding-free manure from under slatted floors in pigsties (US-12 and USP-12).

Hydraulic installations Based on the principle of operation, they are divided into pressure and gravity.

Pressure transportation of manure is carried out due to the flow of flushing liquid (water, urine, slurry) supplied by a pump to the channel. Gravity transportation of manure is possible at a certain slope of the channel bottom or the surface of the transported mass and is carried out through channels or pipes without mechanisms or conveyors. Manure from livestock buildings can be removed by gravity and pressure transportation simultaneously.

Among the hydraulic systems for removing liquid manure from premises, the most common are flush, recirculation, tray-settlement, combined, gravity and gravity. All of these systems, with the exception of flush and recirculation systems, are based on the use of recessed trays covered with a grated floor on top.

Flush system is based on the direct flushing of manure with a stream of water created by the pressure of the water supply network or a booster pump. The mixture of water, manure and slurry flows into the collector and is no longer used for re-flushing. The disadvantage of this method is the very high water consumption.

Recirculation system consists of a gravity pipeline with a diameter of 0.3 ... 0.4 m, laid with a slope of 0.006 ... 0.01 and equipped with discharge wells, a pressure pipeline and pumping station with a receiving manure collector. Manure is discharged through wells onto the slurry flow, which is fed into the gravity pipeline by a pump through a pressure pipeline. Through a gravity pipeline, the mixture of slurry and manure enters a manure collector with a capacity of 8 ... 10 m 3.

To reduce the cost of manual labor, when using this method, instead of gravity pipelines, longitudinal trays of a V-shaped cross section, covered with lattice floors, are installed in barns and pigsties. A pressure pipeline is connected to the beginning of the trays, through which the manure mass is washed off with slurry 1 ... 2 times a day.

This system works satisfactorily and is the most economical, but it has some disadvantages. When washing manure receiving trays, the gas content of the room air increases. In addition, if an infection occurs in one of the premises of a row, infection of animals kept in other premises cannot be ruled out.

Settlement tray (sluice) system differs from others in the presence of gates installed at the junction of the longitudinal trays with the transverse collector and intended for the accumulation and periodic removal of manure into the receiving manure collector. In addition, before each cycle, water is poured into the tray at the rate of 10 ... 15 liters per animal to avoid sticking of manure to the walls and preserve ammonia nitrogen. The manure falls through the slatted floor into a tray filled with water.

The gate valve is raised every 3...4 days. The accumulated mixture enters the transverse channel and flows through a pipe system into the manure collector. After this, the damper is closed, the floor gratings are cleaned and washed with water. It is very important that the gate closes the tray tightly, otherwise there will be no water in the tray, the manure will settle to the bottom and stick to the walls, which will make it difficult to remove. The gate is made from a 5 mm metal sheet, which is inserted into a wooden frame coated with rubber.

For good swelling of the manure mass, the design, accuracy and quality of the tray profile are of great importance.

The main disadvantage of the tray-settlement system for manure removal is the strong release of hydrogen sulfide when discharging manure. Therefore, the use of such a system, despite the fact that technically it works satisfactorily, is limited.

In a combined (recirculation-sluice) system When emptying the trays, the manure is washed away with slurry.

Gravity (self-alloying) system based on the use of viscoplastic properties of liquid manure. The thickness of the manure layer along the length of the channel increases in the direction opposite to its movement. The backwater created by the difference in layer thickness is the driving force that moves manure along the channel.

When moving in the channel, manure is mixed slightly, little moisture and harmful gases evaporate from it, and after 6 ... 10 days fermentation begins with the intense release of ammonia, methane, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to select such parameters of the gravity line so that the manure in the room lingers no more the specified period.

The commissioned gravity manure removal system operates throughout the entire production cycle. Such a system is a further development of the sludge-tray system, but with the only difference that in it the manure is removed continuously as it arrives. Compared to recirculation-sluice manure removal systems, it more fully satisfies veterinary and animal health requirements, and compared to settling-tray and flush systems, it requires significantly less water consumption.

Gravity system basically similar to self-alloying, but it also has its own characteristics. The manure channel in this case has a cross-section of 150x180 cm and can be of almost any length (up to 80 ... 100 m). The bottom of the canal is clean and absolutely horizontal. Before exiting into the transverse channel of the barn, the bottom of each longitudinal manure channel is covered with an overflow sill 50 cm high.

Manure, through the cracks in the floor, falls onto the “water cushion” and dissolves in water, turning into a uniform moving mass. With constant replenishment of the channel, the liquefied manure mass is displaced from the volume filled with water, poured through the transverse channel and then enters a small-sized manure collector, from where it is fed into vehicles using bucket loaders and then stored in storage areas. For collection and transportation n transport, you can use various installations.

The main condition for the effective operation of the gravity method is the absolute watertightness of the bottom and walls of the channel.

All self-alloying methods for removing manure from premises are especially effective when keeping animals tethered and in boxes without bedding, on warm expanded clay-concrete floors or using rubber mats.

Slotted(lattice) floors began to be used on livestock farms around the world over 100 years ago (1876), but they became most widespread only in recent years.

Slotted floors are used in barns; premises for fattening cattle, pigsties, manure passages and passages for driving and grazing livestock, pre-milking parlors, premises for veterinary treatment of animals, etc.

Such floors are used when animals are kept without bedding or when small materials such as sawdust, chopped straw, or peat are used for bedding in small quantities. The advantages of slatted floors are obvious; The animals themselves use their hooves to push the manure through the cracks in the floor into the manure channel, while the labor costs for cleaning the stalls are sharply reduced.

Buildings with slatted floors are somewhat more expensive than conventional buildings due to the need for thermal insulation and the installation of channels (trays) for manure under the slatted floor gratings. However, the savings in bedding and the dramatic reduction in labor costs during the day-to-day operations of distributing bedding and cleaning stalls outweigh the costs of constructing slatted floors.

When keeping cattle on a leash manure from the stalls is removed 2-3 times a day outside the barn. When kept in a tether on deep litter manure is removed 2-3 times a year, and on walking areas - daily or every few days, depending on the time of year. For loose box housing cow manure is removed from the premises, walking and feeding areas and pre-milking areas once every 2-3 days.

Cleaning of the premises is always carried out at the same time, determined by the daily routine of the farm.

An important issue when running livestock farming is the choice of effective method of removing manure from premises. There may be several options here. In this case, the selection criteria are not only the quality of the process, but also the amount of water or other resources consumed, the ease of using manure later (for fertilizer).

Mechanical removal method

It is assumed that removal from a cowshed, pigsty, sheepfold will be carried out through the use of various conveyors for removing manure: circular scrapers, rod scrapers, reciprocating scrapers. It works like this, at the end of a building, for example, a cowshed, manure grooves are located; in them, a chain with scrapers attached to it moves due to an electric motor; manure trapped in the groove is moved by scrapers.

BUT: It makes sense to use such products only in large livestock farms, for example, on large cattle farms with stall and stall-pasture housing with the use of bedding, at pig-breeding enterprises, in pig barns.

Storing manure under the floor

Removing manure on a farm in this way requires special slatted floors in areas where animals are kept. Manure falls through or is trampled through cracks in the storage area under the floor. For this gender use gratings made of cast iron or reinforced concrete. As manure accumulates, it is removed (several times a year). This method is often used in barns.

BUT: the construction of premises with slatted floors and underground manure storage is more expensive than conventional ones.

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Hydraulic method

It involves two options: a flush system and a gravity system (we will consider it separately).

Hydraulic manure removal systems are as follows:

direct flush,
recirculation,
settling-tray,
recirculating tray,
tray-flush,
gravity flow.

At the same time, liquefied manure is also used for fertilizer and irrigation. And the recirculation system assumes that the liquid fraction will be used for hydraulic flushing.

BUT: The hydraulic method is quite expensive, because it is necessary to have special tanks for liquefied manure, sewage treatment plants, at the same time there is also a large consumption of water.

Gravity system

Its essence is that the movement of the manure mass passes through a layer of slurry. To do this, manure channels are made with rounded edges; they must be made in a cascade, i.e. have several thresholds, and the level should gradually decrease as it approaches the manure collector. The channel is filled with water to a depth of 10-15 cm.

BUT: Also, this method cannot be applied everywhere. Thus, a gravity-flow system of periodic operation is suitable for any livestock enterprise where animals are kept without bedding. While the continuous system is used in pigsties, when feeding takes place without the use of silage, green mass, only dry and liquid feed; in conditions of keeping cattle and feeding them silage, root crops, green mass, pulp, but without the use of bedding.

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55 methods of manure removal, disinfection and storage of manure On livestock farms, two main directions in the technological process of manure collection and transportation have currently been identified. The first direction is designed for the use of mechanical means for transporting manure: circular scraper conveyors, rod conveyors, reciprocating scrapers, bulldozers of various types, etc. These means of mechanization are used in most farms.

Mechanical removal of manure is recommended on cattle farms with stall-pasture housing of animals using bedding, in maternity wards, dispensaries, during underground storage of manure and in open feedlots. It is allowed to install scraper mechanisms in channels covered with gratings.

The mechanical method of manure removal is applicable in sheep breeding complexes, small pig farms (up to 12 thousand pigs per year) and in pig barns.

On dairy farms, manure is removed from the premises through manure channels using scraper and rod conveyors. At the end of each barn building there are concrete buried manure receptacles, from which, using pneumatic devices, manure flows through pipes into the manure storage facility, where it is mixed with peat and composted.

On some farms, manure from a manure storage tank located in the vestibule of the barn is unloaded using a elevator into an external manure receiver, from which it is loaded onto vehicles using an overhead electric grab and transported to the fields. The disadvantage of this manure disposal system is that there is no manure storage facility, and therefore, in the event of infectious diseases occurring among animals, it is impossible to disinfect the infected manure.

On some farms, manure is removed from the premises and transported to a manure storage facility by a tractor with a shovel attachment. To do this, in the back of the cows' stalls, through concrete manure passages are made, into which peat is poured.

The method of storing manure under the floor is being tested experimentally. With this method of manure removal, animals are kept on slatted floors. Manure falls through or is trampled by animals through cracks under the floor, and from there, as it accumulates, it is removed 1-2 times a year into manure storage facilities or transported to fields.

The second direction involves the use of hydraulic systems, which are of great interest, as they make it possible to simplify the process of collecting and transporting manure and reduce labor costs compared to mechanical methods.

Hydroflush is allowed in pig-breeding complexes and in premises for cattle.

Hydraulic methods include: a flushing system (using hoses, fixed nozzles, tanks and hydraulic flushing units) and continuous and periodic gravity systems.

In recent years, many countries have begun to practice manure liquefaction. This makes it possible to completely mechanize the process of removing it from livestock buildings into a manure storage facility, transporting it and applying it to the fields. Hydraulic manure removal systems operating on farms received a good rating.

There are several hydraulic manure removal systems available. The main ones are the following: direct flush system, recirculation, settling-tray (gate), recirculation-trough, tray-flush and gravity.

With a direct flush system, manure is washed away with a stream of water created by the pressure of the water supply network or a special booster pump. At the same time, water, manure and slurry flow into the collector. The direct flush system is used on concrete walking areas and in livestock canteens. It is not advisable to use such flushing inside livestock buildings, since air humidity rises sharply, the microclimate of the premises worsens, and manure, as a result of adding large amounts of water, loses its qualities as a fertilizer.

With settling-tray and flush systems, manure is removed from the channels by adding water from flush tanks or pipelines, which significantly increases the already large yield of manure mass.

In recirculation and recirculation-tray systems, slurry and clarified waste are used for flushing, which are sucked from the manure collector, settling tank, clarified waste reservoir and fed through a pipeline into the manure channels. Manure entering the channels through the slatted floor is picked up by the slurry flow and carried into the manure collector. With this flushing system, slurry is used repeatedly. From the manure collector, after mixing with the same pump or bubbling device, the manure is periodically supplied to the manure storage facility, or to tanks for transportation to the fields, or to the compost factory for the preparation of composts. These systems work quite satisfactorily, but their use on large farms is limited due to the fact that air pollution in pigsties increases, and if an infection occurs in one of the premises, there is a real threat of its transfer to other premises.

Therefore, these systems can be used with mandatory disinfection, deodorization and a sufficient degree of purification of wastewater used for repeated removal of manure (recirculation), and equipment for extracting directly from manure channels to suck out harmful gases (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane and others). According to experimental data from the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Veterinary Sanitation, for normal operation of exhaust ventilation, which ensures the extraction of harmful gases from longitudinal trays, the slurry at the beginning of the channel must be located at a distance of at least 35 cm from the grated floor.

Recently, for the removal of manure, a gravity-flow system is more often used, in which the channel is equipped with a sill and slide gates, when opened, the accumulated liquid manure flows along the slope under pressure and due to its gravity into the drain line.

The operating principle of the gravity system is based on the hydrodynamics of the movement of dispersed masses. Excrement begins to move in the canal when the energy of the static support becomes greater than the frictional resistance forces in the planes of contact of the moving particles of excrement with the stationary ones adhering to the walls and bottom of the canal.

The gravity method is divided into periodic and continuous. In the periodic method, the manure channel is closed with a gate-type valve, accumulating manure in it for 7-20 days, after which it is lowered into a mixing tank. With the continuous method of manure removal, the channel does not have a gate and the manure flows into the manure collector. With this system, no mechanisms are needed to remove manure, and water is only needed when the systems are put into operation, since liquid manure, which does not contain bedding material, flows away under the influence of gravity. The humidity of the resulting manure mass is 88-90%. An angle of no more than 2° is formed between the horizontal plane and the free surface of the manure.

The gravity flow system works reliably in fattening pigsties, in rooms for weaned piglets, replacement young animals, in rooms for single and pregnant queens when they are kept without bedding on slatted floors and fed with liquid feed without the use of silage and green mass. When feeding pigs with silage or green feed rich in crude fiber, the fluidity of the manure mass is significantly reduced. Therefore, using a gravity feeding system for this type of feeding is not recommended.

Use hydraulic systems that operate when adding a large amount of water (150-100% of total weight manure mass), is undesirable, since the volume of transport work for the removal of manure increases, a lot of fresh water is consumed, and most importantly, large expenditures are required for the construction of expensive facilities for the processing, disinfection and use of liquid manure. Therefore, the focus now is on those manure removal systems that operate with minimal water consumption.

From a sanitary and hygienic point of view, the methods of manure removal used on farms have certain disadvantages.

Experimental studies conducted by V. A. Dolgov (1972) showed that manure channels in premises are the main source of the formation of harmful gases (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, etc.). The concentration of ammonia in them reaches 35 mg/m3 and more, hydrogen sulfide - 23 mg/m3, which is 2-3 times higher than the maximum permissible standards. Therefore, polluted air should be removed directly from the manure channels of livestock buildings.

In pigsties, where air was removed directly from manure channels, the ammonia concentration did not exceed 4-5 mg/m 3, which is 22-55% less than in similar premises not equipped with exhaust from sewage channels.

A significant role is played by the depth of the free space of the manure channel, i.e. the distance from the level of the slurry to the slotted floor. At a depth of up to 20 cm, the resulting harmful gases diffuse freely through the slatted floor into the room, so their concentration both in the channels and in the air of the room does not differ significantly. And only at a depth of 35 cm does this difference become quite significant.

To organize the suction of contaminated air from manure channels, their initial depth at the end of the building for a recirculation manure removal system is made at least 60 cm, for a gravity system - 80 cm. Moreover, this depth is sufficient for a channel slope of 0.01° and animals are kept without bedding. In rooms where sawdust or peat is used as bedding, the level of manure in the drainage channels rises by 15-20 cm and, accordingly, the amount of free space in the channels decreases. In this case, the depth of the channels at the end is increased to 1 m.

The sanitary condition of the machines depends to a certain extent on the depth of the manure channels. So, if the depth of the channel is less than 50 cm, then during the flushing of manure, slurry is splashed and splashes fall on the slatted floor.

In addition to the depth of the manure channels, pay attention to the location of the flush nozzles. They cannot be installed in channels passing under pens for keeping animals, since in this case slurry will splash out and fall onto the slatted floor. Therefore, flush nozzles are placed in that part of the channel that runs outside the machines. To do this, the channel is slightly enlarged so that the nozzles can be placed at a distance of at least 1 m from the machine fence.

According to experimental data, it is better to use removable gratings (metal or reinforced concrete) to cover longitudinal trays. The width of the channels at the level of the slatted floor must be at least 1.3 m. If the width of the slatted floor is smaller, the degree of contamination of the den and the skin of the animals increases. Labor costs for cleaning machines also increase. From a hygienic point of view, it is most advisable to keep animals on slatted floors that occupy at least 2/3 of the floor area of the pen. In this case, the costs of manure removal are significantly (by about 75%) reduced.

The intensity of the formation of harmful gases is influenced by the width of the manure channels and the air temperature: with an increase in the width of the channels and with an increase in air temperature, the process of gas formation accelerates. Thus, with an increase in the channel width by 10 cm, the ammonia concentration in it increased by 2 mg/m3. The dependence of the process of formation of harmful gases on air temperature is visible from the following data: at a temperature of 12 °C, only traces of hydrogen sulfide were noted in the manure channel; at 16 °C - 2 mg/m3; 18 °C - 4 mg/m3 and 21 °C - 10 mg/m3.

With regular removal of manure from under slatted floors, the microclimate does not deteriorate. Irregular cleaning leads to the accumulation of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, as well as organic compounds such as amines, mercaptans and skatoles in the premises, which negatively affect the condition of staff and animals. Pigs exposed to continuous exposure to hydrogen sulfide at a concentration of about 20 ppm developed photophobia, the animals lost their appetite, became restless, and experienced vomiting and diarrhea. At ammonia concentrations of 100 and 150 ppm, the general condition of the animals worsened, feed was digested worse, and daily weight gain was lower. In addition, ammonia had an irritating effect on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, and therefore the number of animals with respiratory diseases increased. If the concentration of this gas increases, acute poisoning and rapid death of animals occur.

In chronic poisoning, a gradual deterioration in general condition and a decrease in productivity, and the appearance of hemorrhages on the skin are observed. The hooves are often affected, primarily the rear part, causing animals to walk using the front part of the hooves. A typical sign was deformation of the forelimbs and spine. Based on materials from "Zoohygiene and Veterinary Sanitation in Industrial Animal Husbandry" M., 1982

56Wastewater treatment and disinfection

Contaminated wastewater, entering a reservoir, worsens the water use of the basin (use of water for swimming, sports, recreation, watering crops, etc.), and also disrupts water consumption (use of water for drinking needs). In addition, in any body of water there is plankton (the smallest lower organisms suspended in water) and benthos - bottom organisms necessary for feeding fish. The entry of wastewater into a reservoir disrupts the biological balance between the components of the hydrosphere of the reservoir.

Treatment plants (WTP) are located outside the city in areas that allow wastewater to be discharged by gravity whenever possible. The place of discharge, methods of wastewater treatment and operation of the sewerage network are agreed upon with the State Sanitary Inspectorate, and when discharged into a reservoir of fishery significance - with the fisheries protection authorities. When releasing water into navigable rivers, the release points and the design of the devices are coordinated with the shipping department.

According to sanitary rules, contaminated wastewater is pre-purified before being discharged into water bodies. The method of treatment depends on the degree of contamination of the wastewater, the self-cleaning ability of the reservoir into which it must be discharged, and on how this reservoir is used by the population. There are the following methods of wastewater treatment: mechanical, biological, physico-chemical and combined.

Mechanical wastewater treatment. Wastewater treatment facilities consist of a complex of separate devices in which, as the wastewater flows, it is gradually purified, first from large, and then from increasingly smaller contaminants that are in an undissolved state. Facilities for mechanical treatment constitute the first group, which successively includes grates and sieves, sand traps, sedimentation tanks, filters and, in addition, sludge treatment facilities - digesters or two-tier sedimentation tanks with sludge platforms.

The gratings, which are used to retain large contaminants, consist of inclined parallel metal rods mounted on metal frames. Sieves are used to retain smaller contaminants. Sand traps are designed to retain mineral impurities contained in standing water. The operating principle of a sand trap, like any settling tank, is based on the fact that under the influence of gravity, particles whose specific gravity is greater than the specific gravity of water fall to the bottom as they move along with the water in the tank.

Sedimentation tanks are reservoirs designed for the sedimentation of undissolved and partially colloidal contaminants, predominantly of organic origin. Suspended substances are separated from the waste liquid, both sinking (settling) and floating.

Filters serve to retain suspended matter that did not settle during settling. Sand, diamite and mesh filters with a filter layer are used.

Biological wastewater treatment. Specially prepared land plots intended for wastewater treatment and used for agricultural purposes are called irrigation fields. Essence of the process biological treatment wastewater in the fields is that wastewater, passing through the filter layer of the earth, leaves in it, due to primary adsorption, both suspended and colloidal substances, which over time form a microbial film in the pores of the soil. This film adsorbs on its surface colloidal and dissolved substances found in wastewater, and, using air oxygen penetrating into the pores, oxidizes retained organic contaminants, which are consequently converted into mineral compounds.

Biofilters are structures where the process of biological wastewater treatment occurs in artificially created conditions. Continuous biofilters according to their performance can be divided into drip (regular), high-load (high-speed) and tower, and according to the method of supplying air into them - into biofilters with natural and artificial ventilation (aerofilters).

Aerotanks are reservoirs in which a mixture of activated sludge and purified waste liquid flows slowly.

57 Horse management system As an example of stable-pasture housing, we can cite the conditions of most stud farms. Depending on their production purpose and age, horses are kept individually or in groups. As a rule, stud stallions, valuable mares with foals, weaned foals and young animals in training are kept individually in special price tags. For working horses and less valuable breeding young animals of all groups and directions, the confinement method is used (section size from 20 to 100 heads, depending on the age of the animals). Hall-type stables must have stalls for foaling mares.

In stud farms and breeding horse farms, special areas called paddocks are fenced off near the stables for walking horses. The area of the individual paddock for stud stallions is 600 m2, for young animals in training - 400 m2, for other groups of horses - 20 m2.

In the warm season, in combination with stable keeping, horses are grazed. Cultivated pastures are fenced off into separate areas, where certain age groups of horses, 50 to 80 heads each, are grazed separately.

The herd system of keeping horses has been practiced for a long time and has survived to this day as the cheapest way to produce and raise horses on natural feed. Herd keeping of horses is based on the development and maintenance of the herd instinct, characteristic of all herbivores. This housing system is divided into cultural herd and improved herd.

The cultural herd method of keeping is more progressive and is used for raising pedigree horses; it is also used on many commercial farms. This method is subject to certain requirements; dividing animals into homogeneous groups by sex and age; taking special care to protect animals from adverse weather conditions. For the cold season, stables are set up for stud stallions, foals for mares and young stock in training. The remaining horses are housed in simplified stables with shed bases and splits.

With an improved herd system, horses are grazed all year round. During bad weather, simplified premises are built for some animals (stud stallions, pregnant mares and lactating mares in the first days after foaling). The rest of the animals are sheltered from bad weather in natural shelters formed by ravines, gullies, forests, hills, etc. Shed bases are equipped from local raw materials (branches, reeds, etc.), in which the necessary reserves of hay are created and a watering hole is provided.

With a purpose better organization Pasture keeping requires compliance with certain zoohygienic requirements when forming herds. Separate grazing of stallions and fillies is provided. Depending on the nature of the pasture lands, the number of livestock and the direction of horse breeding, the size of the herds is determined. The following herd sizes are recommended for breeding farms: breeding herds - from 80 - 150 heads, young animals - up to 150 heads, stud stallions - 20 heads or more. In meat farms with flat pastures, herds are formed of up to 400 mares with offspring; in mountainous areas the herd size is reduced to 100 heads.

During the breeding campaign, schools are formed with a targeted selection of stallions at the rate of 15 - 20 mares per young sire (3 - 4 years old) and up to 25 - 30 mares per full-aged stallion.

When moving animals from one pasture to another, their speed should not exceed 6 km per hour; Every 10 - 15 km it is advisable to give the horses a rest with grazing. The duration of the haul is no more than 30 km per day.

An important requirement is compliance with the sanitary and hygienic condition of pastures and watering places. You should choose pastures with a safe epizootic condition, that is, where there are no cattle burial grounds or intersections of cattle drives and roadways along the way.

58 Removing manure from livestock buildings

Removing manure from livestock buildings is one of the most difficult processes. Mechanical and hydraulic systems are used to remove manure from pigsties.

The main task when choosing a manure removal system for a complex under construction is to ensure effective removal of manure with minimal use of water, and, accordingly, a minimum amount of manure runoff.

Manure removal, slatted floors. A large amount of animal excretions - feces and urine - must be removed from livestock buildings every day. Manure - animal feces mixed with bedding is a valuable organic fertilizer. With some management methods, bedding is not used and bedding-free manure is obtained from animals.

Slotted floors are installed at the end of the cow pen and at the front of the pig pen. To install slatted floors, cast iron gratings coated with epoxy resin or reinforced concrete are used. Feces and urine fall through the grate and are removed from under the floor using a conveyor or hydraulic flush.

For manure collection, circular chain-scraper conveyors and reciprocating rod conveyors are used. A chain or bar with scrapers attached to it is located in the manure groove and is driven by an electric motor. Manure, falling into the groove, is moved by scrapers.

With hydraulic flushing, manure falling into a manure ditch is washed away with a strong stream of water from pipes located along the entire length of the ditch. The groove has a cone shape with a rounded bottom.

The liquefied manure enters special sludge tanks. The thick fraction is applied as regular manure, and the liquid fraction is used for irrigation.

The liquid fraction can be settled and the clarified part can be used for hydraulic flushing (recirculation method). In industrial complexes that use hydraulic flushing, there are complex systems treatment facilities where wastewater is purified and disinfected. The hydroflush method has major disadvantages: 1) high water consumption, 2) the need to have very large tanks for liquefied manure, 3) the high cost of treatment facilities.

The gravity-fed manure removal system is based on the principle of moving the manure mass over a layer of slurry. This system uses rectangular channels with rounded corners. At the end of the channel, a threshold 10-15 cm high is made. When installing one channel the entire length of the room, it is necessary to make several thresholds, forming a stepped cascade with a decrease in level to the manure collector.

The use of this system begins by pouring water onto the bottom of the channel to a depth of 10-15 cm (to the height of the threshold). As manure enters the channel, the solid fractions float up, and the liquid part settles, ensuring the movement of manure towards the manure collector. This system is effective for manure without bedding and requires minimal labor.

Slurry removal, sewerage. Manure grooves are often made of concrete, asphalt, brick or asbestos-cement pipes, cut lengthwise, 20-30 cm wide and 10-20 cm deep. At the end of the room in the manure groove, there is a hole called a ladder-well, closed with a grate, into which manure flows slurry. Manure grooves should have a slope towards the ladder - 1-1.5 cm per linear meter. From the ladder, the slurry enters transversely laid underground pipes leading to the slurry reservoir. An important part of the sewer system is the hydraulic valve, which opens only under the pressure of liquid and then closes. Its purpose is to prevent ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other gases from entering the room from the liquid collector.

Liquid collectors are made from liquid-impermeable materials and are located no closer than 50 m from wells with drinking water. Manure storage. Manure is a very valuable organic fertilizer. Fresh manure is not recommended to be applied to fields. It may contain pathogenic bacteria and helminth eggs, and weed seeds. It must be disinfected during storage. When storing manure, all remaining litter is rotted. The simplest and most reliable method of disinfection is thermal. In loosely folded manure, active microbiological processes occur, accompanied by an increase in temperature to 70°, at which most microbes and helminth embryos die. After 5-7 days, the manure is compacted and the access of air there is stopped.

Farms must have manure storage facilities. Randomly stored manure can be a source of pollution environment and a source of infection for animals and residents of nearby communities.

Manure storage facilities must be located at least 50 m from the farm. They come in pits and above ground. In areas with cold, long winters, manure storage facilities are closed.

In recent years, cattle housing has begun to be built with manure storage facilities located under the buildings.

The manure is trampled by livestock through slatted floors into an underground manure storage facility and transported to the fields once or twice a year.

One of the most labor-intensive processes on the farm is manure removal; its share is 30-50% of labor costs for caring for animals. On average, one cow excretes 55 kg of manure per day with a moisture content of 86%, including 35 kg of feces with a moisture content of 83% and 20 kg of urine with a moisture content of 94%* 11-85% of animal excrement ends up on the surface of the stalls. Their cleaning on most operating livestock farms in our country is done manually.

Manure is removed from livestock buildings by mechanical and hydraulic or pneumatic methods.

The mechanical method involves the use of conveyors. Effective means of mechanization of manure removal in barns with a tethered system for keeping livestock are scraper chain (TSN-2.0B, TSN-3OB, TSN-160A), rod (TSH-30-A, TSHPN-4, ShTU etc.) and screw conveyors, as well as scraper installations,

Scraper installations, US-1O, US-15, are used for loose box lambing on solid concrete or slatted floors.

Manure is removed with such installations due to the reciprocating movement of the scraper, which is located on each branch of the circuit. The Russian NPO "Agrotekhkomplekt" offers all types of scrapers for removing manure in barns. On farms with tethered housing, scraper conveyors of the TSN-2OV, TSN-3OB brands are used.

For each truss, depending on its size, they are adjusted by shortening the length of the chain circuit.

The TSN-2.0V scraper conveyor is installed in all barns for the conversion of manure piles into chutes for the traction chain. The conveyor consists of a chain with scrapers, a drive station, an inclined chute, electrical equipment and a device for cleaning the scrapers and chain from manure. The modernized version of TSN-2.0B under the brand name KSN-F-100 allows you to reduce the labor intensity of the manure removal process and the cost of electricity." It has hinged fastening of scrapers and a modified design of the tension device.

The TSN-3.0B scraper conveyor allows not only to remove manure, but also to load it into a vehicle. Unlike TSN-2.0B, it has separate drives for horizontal and inclined conveyors, as well as a different design of the traction chain.

Conveyor TSN-160A. Unlike TSN-Z.OV, it has a round-link heat-treated chain, an automatic machine device for the horizontal conveyor chain and steel heat-treated combined sprockets. The disadvantage of scraper conveyors is the drive mechanism due to its frequent breakdowns.

When using auger transporters, augers are installed in the manure channels, which are a pipe with a wound spiral of metal strip. Each auger is driven by an individual electric motor. Longitudinal and transverse augers are equipped, their length depends on the length of the manure channels. The augers are assembled from connected sections. Manure is removed from one or two longitudinal augers, then it enters the transverse auger, from which it enters an inclined unloading conveyor, which is installed separately and is not included in the set of auger conveyors or in the installation for transportation of manure UTN-10,

The universal self-loader SU-F-0.4 is designed for mechanizing the removal of manure from walking areas and cleaning the territory of livestock farms.

The hydraulic method is effective when installing gravity flow systems of continuous and periodic operation. Hydro-washing of manure is used on large farms and complexes for keeping cattle on slatted floors, under which channels 0.8-1.5 m wide are installed. A gravity-flow system for removing manure is equipped in livestock buildings for large cattle livestock without the use of bedding at a manure moisture content of 88-92%. Removal of manure with a continuous gravity system occurs due to its sliding along the bottom of the channel.

To transport manure from the premises to the manure storage facility, different means are used depending on its humidity, distance and other factors.

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Ministry agriculture and food

Republic of Belarus

Educational institution

"Belarusian State University"

Department of Technology and Mechanization of Livestock Husbandry

USRS on the topic:

“Mechanization of manure collection and disposal”

INTRODUCTION

1. MECHANIZATION OF MANURE REMOVAL FROM ANIMAL PREMISES

1.2 Methods for removing manure from livestock buildings

2. MECHANIZATION OF DISPOSAL OF MANURE FROM ANIMAL PREMISES

2.1 Collection, removal from the livestock area, storage, processing and application of solid bedding manure to the soil;

2.2 Removal of liquid manure by mechanical means

2.3 Collection and removal of unlined, liquid manure

2.4 Methods for disinfecting wastewater from livestock complexes and farms

2.5 Anaerobic digestion of manure

CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

Removing manure from livestock buildings is one of the most complex processes in the entire technological chain of production. On most cattle feedlots, manure removal is the cause of poor production efficiency. The accumulation of large amounts of manure has a direct impact on the quality of environmental air, water resources, the development of flora and fauna, pollutes the soil with weed seeds, spreads unpleasant odors, and numerous diseases that are dangerous not only for animals, but also for people. Therefore, on farms and complexes it is necessary to use technologies and equipment that can reduce the negative impact of manure on the environment.

MECHANIZATION OF MANURE REMOVAL FROM ANIMAL PREMISES

The frequency of manure removal from livestock buildings depends on the way the animals are kept. There are two types of cattle housing: free-stall and tethered.

Free keeping of animals. This method of keeping is that animals in groups of 20-50-75 animals are kept in separate sections of the room without a leash, on deep layered bedding. A walking and feeding yard (area) is set up nearby in the premises, which is partitioned off with poles into sectors according to the number of sections. In each sector, silage is placed in a rented pile and separately roughage (hay, straw) is placed in stacks or under a self-feeding shed. With loose housing, group rationed feeding of animals can be carried out. To do this, they are divided into groups that are homogeneous in productivity, weight and physiological state, and kept in different sections of the room.

When keeping livestock loose, manure is removed and removed from the premises once or twice a year (in spring and autumn), and from walking and feeding areas - as it accumulates.

Manure is removed from the premises using a tractor with a mounted bulldozer and a shovel-loader, and from walking and feeding areas - with a low-power tractor (DT-14, etc.) with a scraper.

At tethered keeping of animals The barn is cleaned daily: the stalls are cleared of manure and taken to the manure storage facility; the contaminated bedding in the stalls is replaced with new one. The following methods are used for removing manure from livestock buildings: mechanical, hydraulic and combined.

Mechanical method used both when keeping livestock without bedding and on it. In turn, mechanical means are divided into: mobile and stationary. According to their purpose, they are divided into: means for cleaning premises, means for accumulating and removing manure; means of transportation and processing for the purpose of subsequent disposal.

The choice of method and means of mechanization of manure removal from cattle premises is determined by the technology of keeping animals and the layout of the premises. If there is bedding, it is advisable to use the bedding method, as it helps create more favorable sanitary and hygienic conditions for animals.

Manure is removed from free-stall housing on deep litter using a bulldozer. He is also effective means manure removal with limited use of bedding, and in some cases even when animals are kept without bedding.

To remove manure, overhead roads, chain-scraper conveyors, rope-scraper installations are used, and manure is washed off with water.

Scraper conveyors TSN-2.0, TSN-3.0B. Designed for mechanized removal of manure from livestock buildings with loading it into vehicles.

Technological principle of operation. The horizontal conveyor is installed inside the livestock building, and the inclined one is installed in such a way that its lower end is located inside the room under the scrapers of the horizontal conveyor, while the upper end is raised above the ground to a height that provides access for vehicles. First, the inclined conveyor is turned on, then the horizontal conveyor. Machine milking operators use scrapers to scrape manure into the grooves of horizontal conveyors. From there, the manure flows onto an inclined conveyor and then into vehicles. Once fully loaded, the manure is transported to a manure storage facility or composting site.

Along with chain scraper installations, scraper installations are widely used, characterized by ease of manufacture, ease of maintenance, a high degree of unification of components and parts and higher operational reliability.

Scraper installations US-15, US-10. Used for removing bedding-free and bedding manure from livestock buildings during box and combined housing and feeding it into transverse channels.

Technological principle of operation. The scraper unit operates in reciprocating motion mode. When moving forward, the scrapers in one manure passage open, capture the manure and move it into the transverse manure channel. At this time, the scrapers in the second pass fold and create an idle speed. Moving the scraper prevents cows from lying down in the manure passages, which helps keep them clean.

General view of the US-15 scraper installation: 1 - drive; 2 -- rotating device; 3 -- slider; 4, 5 -- scrapers; 6 -- chain.

The mechanical method of manure removal is applicable in sheep breeding complexes, small pig farms (up to 12 thousand pigs per year) and in pig barns.

On some farms, manure from a manure storage tank located in the vestibule of the barn is unloaded using a elevator into an external manure receptacle, from which it is loaded onto vehicles using an overhead electric grab and transported to the fields. The disadvantage of this manure disposal system is that there is no manure storage facility, and therefore, in the event of infectious diseases occurring among animals, it is impossible to disinfect the infected manure.

Hydraulic method involves the use of hydraulic systems, which are of great interest, as they make it possible to simplify the process of collecting and transporting manure and reduce labor costs compared to mechanical methods. Hydroflush is allowed in pig-breeding complexes and in premises for cattle. Hydraulic methods include: a flushing system (using hoses, fixed nozzles, tanks and hydraulic flushing units) and continuous and periodic gravity systems. In recent years, many countries have begun to practice manure liquefaction. This makes it possible to completely mechanize the process of removing it from livestock buildings into a manure storage facility, transporting it and applying it to the fields.

Hydraulic manure removal systems operating on farms received a good rating. There are several hydraulic manure removal systems available. The main ones are the following: direct flush system, recirculation, settling-trough (gate), recirculation-trough, trough-flush and gravity.

With settling-tray and flush systems, manure is removed from the channels by adding water from flush tanks or pipelines, which significantly increases the already large yield of manure mass.

MECHANIZATION OF DISPOSAL OF MANURE FROM ANIMAL FACILITIES

mechanization cleaning manure livestock

Manure disposal is currently carried out using several technologies using mechanisms.

1. Collection, removal from the livestock area, storage, processing and application of solid bedding manure to the soil;

2. Removal of liquid manure by mechanical means, mixing with coarse materials: peat, chopped straw, sawdust and other substances, storage, processing and application of solid manure to the soil;

3. Collection and removal of bedding-free, liquid manure, dividing it into solid and liquid fractions, followed by storage and application of each fraction separately. After separating the manure, the solid fraction is used as ordinary solid manure for fertilizer, and the liquid fraction is subjected to complex processing for the purpose of disinfection, deodorization and clarification.

The most important activity when processing manure is disinfection, since undisinfected manure poses a serious threat of contamination of water bodies, soil, subsurface waters of forage lands and pastures with pathogens of infectious and invasive diseases dangerous to people.

Methods for disinfecting wastewater from livestock complexes and farms.

Many methods are used, which can be combined into three main groups: biological, chemical and physical methods.

1. Biological methods. Based on the biological destruction and mineralization of organic substances by microorganisms. Two types of bacteria can participate in the mineralization of organic substances and their compounds contained in liquid manure: aerobes - developing in the presence of oxygen; Anaerobes are bacteria that develop without access to air.

The currently most common biological methods of disinfection of livestock wastewater include: soil; aerobic and anaerobic digestion; wastewater treatment in biological ponds.

Soil method. Disinfection of manure is carried out as a result of the vital activity of various microorganisms found in the soil.

2. Chemical methods. They are faster and more effective. Consists of disinfecting manure waste using chemicals. These agents include: formaldehyde, quicklime, bleach, liquid ammonia, of which formaldehyde is the most effective.

Ozonation. In the process, a high effect is achieved in the disinfection and deodorization of the liquid fraction of manure, since ozone is characterized by a strong oxidizing and disinfectant agent. The disadvantage of this method is the high cost of manure processing.

3. Physical methods. These include: thermal (thermal); radiation; combined method - a combination of chemical and radiation methods.

The most common technology currently used for the disposal of solid manure is composting, storage in piles followed by transportation to the fields. When composting manure, the most critical moment is its storage in piles, since the quality depends on this organic fertilizers. In this case, not only decomposition of organic matter occurs, but also loss of nutrients.

Depending on the degree of decomposition of manure, it is divided into fresh, semi-rotted and humus. In the half-rotted stage of decomposition, manure loses 10-13% of organic matter, in the rotted stage - about 50%, humus loses up to 75%. The main source of nitrogen loss in manure is ammonia gas, which is formed during the decomposition of manure under the influence of microorganisms, which contributes to air pollution.

The best way to store manure is anaerobic with dense stacking, in which nutrients are preserved as much as possible. However, with such storage, the degree of decomposition of organic matter is very insignificant, which negatively affects the fertilizing properties of manure, since this reduces the release of nitrogen to plants. In addition, such manure attracts pathogenic microflora. Therefore, before applying manure to the soil, it is necessary that easily soluble organic substances: fats, proteins and carbohydrates be decomposed.

According to experts, the most promising method of manure disposal is its anaerobic digestion.

Anaerobic digestion of manure is a biochemical process of decomposition of organic matter without air access, with the formation of biological gas, consisting mainly of 55-70% methane and 27-44% carbon dioxide with an admixture of hydrogen sulfide (up to 3%), hydrogen, and nitrogen.

Methane digestion involves three stages. At the first stage, through biochemical breakdown, all high-molecular components (fats, proteins and polysaccharides) are decomposed into simpler chemical compounds; at the second stage, with the participation of acid-forming bacteria, further decomposition occurs with the formation of volatile fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and water. And only at the third stage does its own methane fermentation begin. Under the influence of methane-forming bacteria, organic compounds are converted into methane CH4 and carbon dioxide CO2 - the main components of biogas. They are distinguished by the type of anaerobic digestion of manure. This is due to the existence of different groups of bacteria. For one group, the most favorable temperature regime is from 30 to 40°C, for the other - from 50 to 60°C. In the first case, the process is called mesophilic, in the second thermophilic.

In existing industrial biogas plants, the fermentation process occurs continuously, i.e., as much fresh biomass is added per unit of time as it decomposed during this period, and the sludge is accordingly removed. In this regard, there is always a constant volume of fermentable mass in the reactor.

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