Often, the operation and control of various equipment requires devices of small size and high level reliability. Small-sized solid state relays, constant and AC used in industry and everyday life, they can be easily made and installed with your own hands.
Operating principle
A small-sized solid-state or closed relay is a device for controlling various mechanisms using semiconductor elements. This is precisely the main difference between such relays and conventional ones. Conventional ones use contacts that periodically close and open to operate any electrical mechanism. In solid-state models, this role is played by thyristors, transistors and triacs.
Video: solid state relay testing.
Solid state relays are available in three-phase, single-phase, DC and AC (ESR and HPR). Accordingly, depending on the area of use, their principle of operation changes. The principle of operation of a solid-state relay is as follows: when an electrical signal is received at the input, the trigger network and optocoupler are switched on. Considering that pulses are transmitted contactlessly, galvanic isolation occurs between the semiconductors, which disappears when the diode or optocoupler is turned on. This action does not change depending on the use of transistors or triacs.
As mentioned above, they also come in single and three-phase:
In addition, the regulator can be installed on various surfaces, which also varies its area of use. Some can be DIN rail mounted, while most compact solid state models can be "pinned" directly using a special strip.
Advantages of a solid state relay:
- Durability. Without physical contact due to lack of switching, the device can perform a greater number of on and off switches. This optoelectronic relay can make up to tens of thousands of connections;
- This analogue of a conventional relay will provide high-quality contactless connection and load control;
- Depending on the power and type of power, the device can be used for a soft transition between DC and AC power. Smooth is the transition where, with a decrease in the frequency and direction of charged particles, the signal arriving at the input is preserved as much as possible;
- Wide range of use. It can be used in various industries, domestic conditions, etc.;
- They can withstand overloads even 200% higher than nominally specified. Even after numerous overloads, they will not need replacement;
- High protection against current and voltage surges. The voltage, even in a household network, rarely remains constant; it changes depending on the number of connected devices, the type of wires and other factors. Such jumps can cause short circuit and equipment damage. A pulsed solid-state relay has excellent protection against such troubles, so it is often used to ensure long-term operation of heaters, refrigerators, and computer equipment.
But the device also has certain disadvantages. Firstly, this semiconductor relay is quite expensive, in addition, it can only be bought in specialized stores. Secondly, during the initial switching asynchronous motor(accordingly, when using a three-phase model), strong current surges occur. And the last disadvantage is that the relay can only be used in areas with normal levels of dust and humidity.
Connection
But, before connecting a solid-state relay using transistors or triacs, you need to know a few rules for installing it:
- The power opto-relay can only be connected using a screw method; welding and soldering will damage the fragile contacts;
- During operation, the device becomes very hot, so there should be no flammable parts near it;
- Some relay models (especially in cars) very easily and quickly heat up above 60 degrees, which can damage their contacts. To avoid this, they should be installed on a cooling radiator;
- When starting for the first time, it is very important to monitor the voltage. By monitoring it is necessary to ensure its “smooth” condition at least for the first time, otherwise the device will burn out from a short circuit.
The connection diagram for a solid-state relay is almost the same as for connecting a conventional controller to the network. For a fee field effect transistors(triacs, etc.) voltage is supplied from the local line. The most important thing is to submit electric current to the zero contact (in the control circuit). The rest is clearly demonstrated by the diagram:
Characteristics
Naturally, each company offering such devices has its own parameters and models. Let's consider the main characteristics of the most popular domestic solid-state relays (KIPpribor - KIPpribor, Cosmo, Proton):
- TM-0 are equipped with a built-in “zero” circuit, through which phase transitions are carried out;
- Vehicles can be turned on at any time during the phase;
- The most famous are the TMB, TSB, TSV controllers (they are also called TMA), TSA, TMB. They are an RC output circuit and are used for control in potential control systems;
- TS/TM are classified as power. The current reaches 25mA;
- TSA and TMA have their main purpose - special devices sensitive to voltage changes;
- TSB/TMB are low-voltage models (up to 30 V);
- TSV/TMV – high voltage (from 110 to 280V).
Foreign analogues are Carlo Gavazzi, (SSR) Gefran (for infrared active loads), Finder and CPC (SCC model).
Main characteristics of TSR-25DA:
90-280VAC, 25A/240VAC from Crydom:
Solid state relay SSR–F 10 DA–H SSR:
Price overview
The price of solid-state relays varies depending on their type and brand:
| City | Cost SSR10AA, USD e. |
| Yekaterinburg | 4 |
| Moscow | 5 |
| Novosibirsk | 4 |
| St. Petersburg | 5 |
| Krasnodar | 4 |
| Voronezh | 4 |
| Nizhny Novgorod | 4 |
Solid state relay (SSR) or in the bourgeois version Solid State Relay (SSR)- this is a special type of relay that performs the same functions as an electromagnetic relay, nIt has another filling, consisting of semiconductor radioelements, which contain power switches based on thyristors, triacs or powerful transistors.
Types of TTP
TTPs can look different. Below in the photo are low-current relays
Such relays are used in printed circuit boards and are designed for switching (switching) low current and voltage.
Ready-made input-output modules, which are used in industrial automation, are also built on the TTR.
And this is what the relays used in power electronics, that is, in electronics that switch large currents. Such relays are used in industry in control units of CNC machines and other industrial installations
On the left is a single-phase relay, on the right is a three-phase.
If a decent amount of current flows through the switched contacts of the power relays, the relay body will become very hot. Therefore, to prevent the relays from overheating and failing, they are placed on radiators, which dissipate heat into the surrounding space.
TSR by control type
SSRs can be controlled using:
1) Direct current. Its range is from 3 to 32 Volts.
2) Alternating current. The AC range is from 90 to 250 Volts. That is, such relays can be easily controlled using a mains voltage of 220 V.
3) Using a variable resistor. The value of the variable resistor can be in the range from 400 to 600 Kilohms.
TSR by switching type
With zero crossing switching
Look closely at the diagram
Such SSRs switch alternating current at the output. As you can see here, when we apply a constant voltage to the input of such a relay, switching at the output does not occur immediately, but only when the alternating current reaches zero. Shutdown occurs in a similar way.
Why is this being done? In order to reduce the influence of interference on the loads and reduce the pulse current surge, which can lead to failure of the load, especially if the load is a circuit based on semiconductor radio elements.
The connection diagram and internal structure of such a SSR looks something like this:
DC control 
AC control
Instant on
Everything is much simpler here. Such a relay immediately begins to switch the load when control voltage appears on it. The diagram shows that the output voltage appeared immediately as soon as we applied the control voltage to the input. When we already remove the control voltage, the relay turns off in the same way as the SSR with zero crossing control.
What is the disadvantage of this TTP? When a control voltage is applied to the input, current surges may occur at the output, and as a result, electromagnetic interference. Therefore, this type of relay is not recommended for use in radio-electronic devices where there are data transmission buses, since in this case interference can significantly interfere with the transmission of information signals.
Internal structure The SSR and load connection diagram look something like this:
Phase controlled SSR
Everything is much simpler here. By changing the resistance value, we thereby change the power at the load.
An approximate connection diagram looks like this:
Solid State Relay Operation
Visiting us is the TTR company FOTEK:
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Let's look at its notation. Here is a small hint plate for these types of relays
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Let's take another look at our TTP
SSR- this means a single-phase solid state relay.
40 - this is the maximum current strength it is designed for. It is measured in Amperes and in this case is 40 Amps.
D– type of control signal. From the meaning of Direct Current - which is bourgeois - direct current. Management is underway permanent current from 3 to 32 Volts. This range is enough for the most avid developer of electronic equipment. For those who are particularly dull, it even says Input, showing the range and phasing of the voltage. As you can see, we apply “plus” to contact No. 3, and “minus” to No. 4.
A– type of switched voltage. Alternative current - alternating current. In this case, we cling to conclusions No. 1 and No. 2. We can switch the range from 24 to 380 Volts variable voltage.
For the experiment, we will need a 220 Volt incandescent lamp and a simple plug with a cord. We connect the lamp with the cord in only one place:
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We insert our solid state relay into the gap
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We plug the plug into the socket and...
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No... he doesn’t want to... Something is missing...
Not enough control voltage! We output voltage from the Power Supply from 3 to 32 Volts DC voltage. In this case, I took 5 Volts. I apply to control contacts and...
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Oh miracle! The light came on! This means that contact No. 1 is closed with contact No. 2. The LED on the body of the relay itself also tells us that the relay is triggered.
I wonder how much current the relay control contacts consume? So, we have 5 Volts on the block.
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And the current turned out to be 11.7 milliamps! At least you can control it!
Pros and cons of solid state relays
Pros
- turning circuits on and off without electromagnetic interference
- high performance
- absence of noise and contact bounce
- long period of operation (over a BILLION operations)
- possibility of working in explosive environments, since there is no arc discharge
- low power consumption (95% (!) less than conventional relays)
- reliable isolation between input and switched circuits
- Compact, sealed design, resistant to vibration and shock loads
- small size and good heat dissipation (if, of course, you use thermal paste and a good heatsink)
Cons:
- high cost
Where to buy a solid state relay
You can always find any types of solid-state relays on Ali at this link.
When writing this article, information taken from
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Do-it-yourself optical relay testing device
The other day I needed to test the opto relay in large quantities. By assembling this solid-state relay tester in half an hour, from a minimum of parts, I saved large number time spent checking optocouplers.
Many novice radio amateurs are interested in how to test an optocoupler. This question may arise from ignorance of the structure of this radio component. If we look at the surface, a solid-state optoelectronic relay consists of an input element - an LED and an optical isolation device that switches the circuit.
This circuit for testing an optocoupler is absolutely simple. It consists of two LEDs and a 3V power source - a CR2025 battery. The red LED acts as a voltage limiter and, at the same time, is an indicator of the operation of the optocoupler LED. The green LED serves to indicate the operation of the output element of the optocoupler. Those. If both LEDs are lit, then the optocoupler test was successful.
The process of checking the opto-relay comes down to installing it in the appropriate part of the socket. This solid state relay tester can test optocouplers in DIP-4, DIP-6 packages and dual relays in DIP-8 packages.
Below I show the locations of the opto-relays in the tester panels and the glow of the LEDs corresponding to their performance.
An optorelay is an electronic analogue of an electromechanical relay. The discrete output of the opto-relay is an electronic analogue of a normally open (SPST_NO) or normally closed (SPST_NC) single contact. Normal condition in the above terms should be understood as the initial state of an unilluminated opto-relay. For the opto-relay and the corresponding discrete output, the maximum permissible voltages and currents of the actuator circuit are always specified. Compared to an optocoupler, an opto-relay is usually used for switching relatively high-current control and signaling circuits.
The figure above shows the output part of a universal opto-relay, which can be in different ways be included in both direct and alternating current circuits. The input part of the opto-relay is an LED connected on the control side through light-conducting galvanic insulation.
The AC connection of the opto relay is usually referred to as the connection for AC circuits, as shown in the figure below. The output circuit of the AC opto-relay is usually two-wire. Such an opto-relay will also work in a DC circuit, and the direction of the current does not matter. In the figures: U is the voltage source, and Rн is the load resistance.
The three-wire opto-relay output circuit can also be connected for a DC circuit, as shown in the figure below. This DC connection for direct current is more optimal compared to the AC connection, since it provides a lower closed-state resistance of the optocoupler output circuit.
Incorrect connection of the DC opto-relay (if the poles of the voltage source U are changed in the figure above) will correspond to a permanently closed state of the optocoupler output, since the protective diode in the optocoupler, not shown in the figure, will open. However, the maximum permissible current of this mode should always be taken into account.
This output applies to passive, since he himself does not transmit electrical energy into the output circuit. This output changes its resistance (high-low), which means it requires its inclusion in the external circuit voltage source or current to get the corresponding binary control signal. On the other hand, an opto-relay, as an electronic component, is active because it requires an influx of energy for its operation.
Typical response time The optorelay is a few milliseconds. For response time the opto relay undergoes a transient change process output resistance the opto-relay, and during this time the opto-relay can dissipate more power when the current in the control circuit is high. In order not to overheat the opto-relay, when controlling, you should not allow switching time intervals that are too short - less than or comparable to response time.
Since optoelectronic relays appeared on the market much later than electromechanical ones, for some time they were considered in the future as an inevitable replacement for electromechanical ones for all occasions. This is almost certainly not the case, and both relays have their own niches in the electronic components market. But opto-relays turned out to be free from a number of significant shortcomings that objectively accompany electromechanical relays. Consequently, in those applications where these shortcomings were critical, optoelectronic relays replaced electromechanical ones.
Let's briefly look at these disadvantages:
1. Service life. In electromechanical relays, the closing and opening of the switched circuit occurs due to the bending of a miniature metal plate under the influence of an electromagnetic field that occurs when current flows through the excitation winding (control circuit). Over time, the mechanical properties of the plate change. Therefore, the service life of electromechanical relays is limited not so much by time as by the operating mode, namely, the total number of switchings. Depending on the type of relay and parameters of the switched signals, the number of switchings was estimated as 105...107. The switched circuit of optoelectronic relays has no mechanical parts, therefore, the “number of switchings” parameter has no practical meaning.
2. During the operation of electromechanical relays, the electrochemical characteristics of the contact change (the contact “burns”), and the resistance of the closed contact can change significantly during its service life. For an opto relay, this parameter practically does not change (under the same operating conditions).
3. Electromagnetic relays are characterized by contact bounce, that is, repeated closing and opening of the contact during switching. This, firstly, increases the level of electromagnetic interference in the equipment, and secondly, it may require additional anti-bounce measures (for example, in counting circuits).
4. In electromagnetic relays, abnormal contact closure is possible under the influence of shock or vibration. The absence of mechanical moving contacts in opto-relays makes them more resistant to such influences.
5. Since switching in electromagnetic relays occurs under the influence of an electromagnetic field, abnormal operations from external electromagnetic fields are possible. This leads to the need for additional design measures, for example, separating adjacent relays at a safe distance, shielding, etc.
6. For electromagnetic relays, acoustic noise from contact activation during operation is inevitable.
Besides:
7. In optoelectronic relays, the current value in the control circuit required to close the switched circuit is significantly less than in electromagnetic relays. Therefore, the use of opto-relays in digital circuits is noticeably simplified.
8. Optorelays, in general, are characterized by significantly shorter response times (closing and opening).
9. All other things being equal, optoelectronic relays are characterized by lower weight, dimensions and area occupied on the printed circuit board.
Optoelectronic relay technology
International Rectifier
The International Rectifier optoelectronic relay, the structure of which is shown in Figure 1, includes three main functional units: a control circuit, a matrix of photovoltaic cells and an output switch.
Rice. 1.
The control circuit contains an LED that converts the current flowing through it into infrared radiation. Infrared light, having traveled a certain distance in the relay body, hits a matrix of photovoltaic cells, each of which converts the light falling on it into voltage, which, in turn, controls the element that closes the output switch.
If no current flows through the control circuit, then the LED does not emit light, the photovoltaic matrix does not generate voltage, and the output switch opens the switching circuit.
An AC opto relay uses a triac as an output switch. Characteristic feature devices of this type is that the output switch opens at the moment when the voltage in the switched circuit passes through zero. Therefore, the use of relays based on triacs in DC circuits is very difficult.
A DC opto relay uses a single bipolar or MOSFET transistor as the output switch.
In universal opto-relays (switching both direct and alternating current), a pair of MOS or IGBT transistors connected by sources is used as a key.
The International Rectifier line does not include optoelectronic relays based on triacs. Unlike triacs, switches on MOS transistors are characterized by practically linear dependence voltage drop across public key from the current in the load (IL) or, in other words, the constancy of the resistance of the closed switch. The output switch is either MOSFETs made using HEXFET technology (patented by International Rectifier) or insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). Dual MOSFETs used in universal opto-relays are called BOSFETs.
Connection options for optoelectronic relays
Note that International Rectifier produces only single-pole normally open opto-relays (aka Form A), so all connection options refer to this type of relay.
In the general case, optoelectronic universal relays have 5 active contacts: 1 - plus control circuit, 2 - minus control circuit, 4 - drain of transistor 1, 5 - common source of transistors 1 and 2, 6 - drain of transistor 2.
Three connection types are used, shown in Figure 2.
Rice. 2.
Connection A is used to switch AC or DC loads. In this case, the current flows through the drain-source channel of one transistor and the bulk drain diode of the second. When the direction of the current in the load changes, the direction of the current in a pair of transistors changes accordingly. If the common source is not connected to the external output of the relay, then this connection remains the only possible one (PVA series).
Connection B is used to switch DC loads only. In this case, current flows through the drain-source channel of one transistor, and the second transistor is not used.
Connection C is also used to switch DC only loads. In this case, the drains of a pair of transistors are combined by an external jumper. Then the current flows through the drain-source channels of the two transistors simultaneously, and the resistance of the closed contact is reduced by approximately half.
International Rectifier range of optoelectronic relays
If we consider the International Rectifier line of optoelectronic relays based on MOS transistors, we can define three main groups:
1. High-speed - switching time does not exceed 200 μs. These include the PVA, PVD and PVR series.
2. Low-voltage powerful - the current value in the switched circuit is from 1 A, with a closed contact resistance of less than 0.5 Ohm. These are the PVG and PVN series.
3. General purpose - turn-on time from 2 ms or more, switching power - up to 150 W. Mainly this is the PVT series.
Optoelectronic relays PVA series
PVA series are single-pole, normally open opto-relays. BOSFET transistors are used as the output switch. The intended purpose is switching analog signals of direct and alternating current. All modifications are produced in packages with double-row pinouts: with the suffix NS - for surface mount(SMT-8), with suffix N - for output mounting (DIP-8). Connection option is only A, since the common source of the transistors is not connected to the external terminal of the housing. Specifications are presented in table 1.
Table 1. Technical characteristics of PVA series opto-relay
| Model | "Operating voltage, V" | "Load current, mA" |
Resistance Ron, Ohm | Resistance Roff, Mohm | “Control current, mA" |
"Insulation voltage, V" | "Distribution delay, ISS" |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (+) | (-) | Ton | Toff | ||||||
| PVA1352 | 100 | 100 | 375 | 5 | 100 | 5 | 4000 | 150 | 125 |
| PVA1354 | 100 | 100 | 375 | 5 | 10 000 | 5 | 4000 | 150 | 125 |
| PVA2352 | 200 | 200 | 150 | 24 | 100 | 5 | 4000 | 100 | 110 |
| PVA3054 | 300 | 300 | 50 | 160 | 10 000 | 5 | 4000 | 60 | 100 |
| PVA3055 | 300 | 300 | 50 | 160 | 100 000 | 5 | 4000 | 60 | 100 |
| PVA3324 | 300 | 300 | 150 | 24 | 10 000 | 2 | 4000 | 100 | 110 |
| PVA3354 | 300 | 300 | 150 | 24 | 10 000 | 5 | 4000 | 100 | 110 |
The undoubted advantage of the series is its high performance. The PVA30xx has the highest, but these relays have a very high closed contact resistance and, as a result, a large voltage drop (up to 8 V) across the closed contact.
Optoelectronic relays PVD series
The PVD series is an analogue of the PVA1352 and PVA1354 relays with a pre-implemented connection option C (that is, not a single transistor, but a BOSFET in connection C). Technical characteristics of the PVD series are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Technical characteristics of PVD series opto-relays
| Model | Working voltage, IN |
Load current, mA | Resistance Ron, Ohm | Resistance Roff, Mohm | Control current, mA |
Insulation voltage IN |
Delay propagation, μs |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ton | Toff | |||||||
| PVD1352 | 100 | 550 | 1,5 | 100 | 5 | 4000 | 150 | 125 |
| PVD1354 | 100 | 550 | 1,5 | 10 000 | 5 | 4000 | 150 | 125 |
Optoelectronic relays PVR series
In terms of technical characteristics and scope of application, these devices are very close to the PVAx3xx optoelectronic relays and are their further development. Main differences:
- are available only in housings for output mounting (DIP-16);
- two independent, single-pole relays are assembled in one housing;
- The common source of the BOSFET transistors is connected to an external pin, therefore, it is possible to implement not only connections according to circuit A, but also according to circuits B and C.
The technical characteristics of the PVR series are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Technical characteristics of PVR series opto-relay
| Model | Operating voltage, V | Load current, mA | Resistance Ron, Ohm | Resistance Roff, Mohm | Current control, mA |
Insulation voltage IN |
Propagation delay mks |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (+) | (-) | (A) | (B) | (C) | (A) | (B) | (C) | Ton | Toff | ||||
| PVR1300 | 100 | 100 | 360 | 420 | 660 | 5 | 3 | 1,5 | 100 | 2 | 1500 | 150 | 125 |
| PVR1301 | 100 | 100 | 360 | 420 | 660 | 5 | 3 | 1,5 | 10000 | 2 | 1500 | 150 | 125 |
| PVR2300 | 200 | 200 | 165 | 180 | 310 | 24 | 12 | 6 | 100 | 2 | 1500 | 150 | 125 |
| PVR3300 | 300 | 300 | 165 | 180 | 310 | 24 | 12 | 6 | 100 | 2 | 1500 | 150 | 125 |
| PVR3301 | 300 | 300 | 165 | 180 | 310 | 24 | 12 | 6 | 10000 | 2 | 1500 | 150 | 125 |
Please note that dual optoelectronic relays similar to PVRs are sometimes erroneously labeled as "2 Form A". Various control circuits clearly classify them as "Double 1 Form A". However, if the control circuits are connected in parallel, we get an analogue of the “2 Form A” type of electromagnetic relays.
Optoelectronic relays PVG series
The PVG series are single-pole, normally open opto-relays, with the ability to be switched on according to schemes A, B and C. The relays are designed for switching analog signals with voltages up to 60 V. All modifications are produced in cases with a double-row arrangement of pins: with the suffix S - for surface mounting ( SMT-6), without a suffix - for through-out mounting (DIP-6).
Technical characteristics of the PVG series are presented in Table 4.
Table 4. Technical characteristics of PVG series opto-relay
| Model | Working voltage, IN |
Load current, mA | Resistance Ron, Ohm | Resistance Roff, Mohm | Current management, mA |
Insulation voltage, V | Propagation delay mks |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (+) | (-) | (A) | (B) | (C) | (A) | (B) | (C) | Ton | Toff | ||||
| PVG612 | 60 | 60 | 1000 | 1500 | 2000 | 0,5 | 0,25 | 0,15 | 100 | 5 | 4000 | 2000 | 500 |
| PVG612A | 60 | 60 | 2000 | 2500 | 4000 | 0,1 | 0,05 | 0,035 | 60 | 5 | 4000 | 3500 | 500 |
| PVG613 | 60 | 60 | 1000 | 1500 | 2000 | 0,5 | 0,25 | 0,15 | 4800 | 5 | 4000 | 2000 | 500 |
A distinctive feature of this series of opto-relays is high load currents combined with a fairly low closed contact resistance, which provides very acceptable voltage drop values across the contact. Main applications: secondary power supplies and switching systems, computers, peripherals and audio equipment, output relays of programmable logic controllers and similar industrial automation applications. The insignificant voltage drop across the contact allows the relays of this series to be used also in measuring systems.
Note the appearance of the suffix “A” - by increasing the response time, the resistance of the closed contact was reduced, which made it possible to increase the current with approximately the same value of power dissipated at the contact.
Optoelectronic relays PVN series
The PVN series is a modification of the PVG series. Reducing the operating voltage to 20 V made it possible to increase the load current and reduce the resistance of the closed contact. These opto-relays are the best in the International Rectifier line in terms of these parameters and, accordingly, provide the minimum voltage drop across the contact. The housing design of the PVN series is similar to the PVG series.
Technical characteristics of the PVN series are presented in Table 5.
Table 5. Technical characteristics of PVN series opto-relays
| Model | Working voltage, V |
Load current, mA |
Resistance Ron, Ohm |
Resistance Roff, Mohm | Control current, mA |
Insulation voltage IN |
Delay distribution, mks |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (+) | (-) | (A) | (B) | (C) | (A) | (B) | (C) | Ton | Toff | ||||
| PVN012 | 20 | 20 | 2000 | 3000 | 4500 | 0,1 | 0,065 | 0,04 | 16 | 3 | 4000 | 5000 | 500 |
| PVN012A | 20 | 20 | 4000 | 4500 | 6000 | 0,05 | 0,025 | 0,015 | n.d. | 5 | 4000 | 3000 | 500 |
| PVN013 | 20 | 20 | 2000 | 3000 | 4500 | 0,1 | 0,065 | 0,04 | n.d. | 3 | 4000 | 5000 | 500 |
Possible applications are similar to the PVG series, but these differences are more significant specifically for power switching systems and measurement systems.
Optoelectronic relays PVT series
The PVT series is positioned by the manufacturer as an opto-relay for telecommunications applications (hence the letter "T"). But it’s more logical to formulate it as a “general purpose opto-relay.”
The technical characteristics of the PVT series are presented in Table 6.
Table 6. Technical characteristics of PVT series opto-relay
| Model | Operating voltage, V | Load current, mA |
Ron resistance, Ohm |
Resistance Roff, Mohm | Control current, mA |
Insulation voltage, V | Propagation delay mks |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (+) | (-) | (A) | (B) | (C) | (A) | (B) | (C) | Ton | Toff | ||||
| PVT212 | 150 | 150 | 550 | 600 | 825 | 0,75 | 0,4 | 0,25 | 150 | 5 | 4000 | 3000 | 500 |
| PVT312 | 250 | 250 | 190 | 210 | 320 | 10 | 5,5 | 3 | 250 | 2 | 4000 | 3000 | 500 |
| PVT312L | 250 | 250 | 170 | 190 | 300 | 15 | 8 | 4,25 | 250 | 2 | 4000 | 3000 | 500 |
| PVT322 | 250 | 250 | 170 | - | - | 10 | - | - | 250 | 2 | 4000 | 3000 | 500 |
| PVT322A | 250 | 250 | 170 | - | - | 8 | - | - | 250 | 2 | 4000 | 3000 | 500 |
| PVT412 | 400 | 400 | 140 | 150 | 210 | 27 | 14 | 7 | 400 | 3 | 4000 | 2000 | 500 |
| PVT412A | 400 | 400 | 240 | 260 | 360 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 400 | 3 | 4000 | 3000 | 500 |
| PVT412L | 400 | 400 | 120 | 130 | 200 | 35 | 18 | 9 | 400 | 3 | 4000 | 2000 | 500 |
| PVT422 | 400 | 400 | 120 | - | - | 35 | - | - | 320 | 2 | 4000 | 2000 | 2000 |
What conclusion can be drawn from the given parameters? Something in between—the “golden mean.” It is difficult to argue that the main parameters of the opto-relay: operating voltage, load current, switching time, closed contact resistance - constitute something constant. And if the problem being solved determines increased requirements for one of the parameters, then this is achieved at the expense of one or more of the remaining ones.
The manufacturer offers areas of application: modems, faxes, telephones (pickup, pulse dialing), switches and multiplexers of telephone lines, control of network voltage and, as a result, “general switching” - “switching in general.”
Returning to the PVT series - products PVT322 and 422 (by all suffixes) contain two independent relays in one housing. However, placing them in an 8-pin package does not allow the common source to be output, therefore, connection is possible only according to scheme A. Note that the PVR series used a 16-pin package, and there was no such restriction.
The new suffix "L" means the introduction of additional current limiting circuits: when the current exceeds a threshold level, the contact resistance increases and the current decreases, which does not prevent the relay from failing.
Optoelectronic relay PVX6012
The PVX6012 optoelectronic relay is the only product in the line that uses IGBT transistors as an output switch. This allows you to switch loads up to 400 W per DC and up to 280 W - on AC. Technical parameters are given in Table 7.
Table 7. Technical characteristics of opto-relay PVX6012
| Model | Working voltage, V |
Load current, mA |
Resistance Roff, Mohm | Current management, mA |
Insulation voltage IN |
Delay distribution, mks |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (AC) | (DC) | (AC) | (DC) | Ton | Toff | ||||
| PVX6012 | 400 | 400 | 1000 | 1000 | 40 | 5 | 3750 | 7000 | 1000 |
When using PVX6012, it is necessary to keep in mind: relays on IGBT transistors, compared to HEXFETs, switch lower frequency signals (up to 20 kHz) and are more critical to load parameters.
In addition, if it is necessary to switch a powerful high-voltage load, optoelectronic insulators of the PVI series can be used. Unlike the considered opto-relays, they include a control circuit and a matrix of photovoltaic cells (Fig. 1), but do not contain a built-in output switch, instead of which an external one with the required parameters is connected.
International Rectifier Comparison
with other manufacturers
The world's leading manufacturers of optoelectronic relays are Avago, Clare, Cosmo, Fairchild, NEC, Panasonic, Sharp, Toshiba. A detailed comparison, and especially the selection of analogues, is obviously beyond the scope of this review.
It makes sense to compare in two groups (high-speed, low-voltage powerful relays). Obviously, comparing the technical parameters of general-purpose relays will give approximately the same results. Components similar in operating voltage are compared (300 V for high-speed and 60 V for low-voltage high-power). Then three main parameters are compared: load current, closed contact resistance and response time. The comparison results are shown in Tables 8 and 9.
Table 8. Comparison of high-speed opto-relays
| Model | Manufacturer | Working voltage, IN |
Current loads, mA |
Resistance Ron, Ohm | Current management, mA |
Insulation voltage IN |
Delay distribution, mks |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ton | Toff | |||||||
| PVA3055 | IR | 300 | 50 | 160 | 5 | 4000 | 60 | 100 |
| PLA160 | Clare | 300 | 50 | 100 | 10 | 3750 | 50 | 50 |
| PVA3324 | IR | 300 | 150 | 24 | 2 | 4000 | 100 | 110 |
| ASSR-4110-003E | Avago | 400 | 120 | 25 | - | 3750 | 500 | 200 |
| PLA110L | Clare | 400 | 150 | 25 | 5 | 3750 | 1000 | 250 |
| KAQY210/A | Cosmo | 350 | 130 | 20 | 1,5 | 3750 | 1000 | 1500 |
| HSR412 | Fairchild | 400 | 140 | 27 | 3 | 4000 | - | - |
| PS7341C-1A | NEC | 400 | 120 | 27 | - | 3750 | 550 | 70 |
| AQY210EH | Panasonic | 350 | 130 | 25 | - | 5000 | - | - |
| TLP227G | Toshiba | 350 | 120 | 35 | 3 | 3750 | - | - |
Table 9. Comparison of low-voltage high-power opto-relays
| Model | Manufacturer | "Working voltage, IN" |
"Current loads, mA" |
Resistance Ron, Ohm | "Current management, mA" |
"Insulation voltage, IN" |
"Distribution delay, ISS" |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ton | Toff | |||||||
| PVG612A | IR | 60 | 2000 | 0,1 | 5 | 4000 | 3500 | 500 |
| LCA715 | Clare | 60 | 2000 | 0,15 | 10 | 3750 | 2500 | 250 |
| PS710A-1A | NEC | 60 | 1800 | 0,1 | - | 1500 | 1000 | 50 |
| AQY272 | Panasonic | 60 | 2000 | 0,18 | - | 2500 | - | - |
| TLP3542 | Toshiba | 60 | 2500 | 0,1 | 10 | 2500 | - | - |
| PVG612 | IR | 60 | 1000 | 0,5 | 5 | 4000 | 2000 | 500 |
| ASSR-1510-003E | Avago | 60 | 1000 | 0,5 | - | 3750 | 1000 | 200 |
| LCA710 | Clare | 60 | 1000 | 0,5 | 10 | 3750 | 2500 | 250 |
| KAQV212/A | Cosmo | 60 | 400 | 0,83 | 1,5 | 3750 | 1500 | 1500 |
| AQY212GH | Panasonic | 60 | 1100 | 0,34 | - | 5000 | - | - |
| TLP3122 | 60 | 1000 | 0,7 | 5 | 1500 | - | - | |
For the PVA3055 opto relay, a comparable product was found only from Clare. Other manufacturers also have products comparable to the PVA3324, but in terms of performance (especially if we take the sum of TON+TOFF) they are significantly inferior to the offer from International Rectifier.
Since manufacturers generally do not indicate for which connection option the parameters are given, we accept option A as the most stringent. As a basis for comparison, let's take PVG612A and PVG612 with a load current of 1 and 2 A, respectively. With a comparable switching power value for this group of opto-relays, the closed contact resistance is more important parameter, rather than the response delay, since it directly determines power losses and, accordingly, heating of the relay. In both cases, we can say that International Rectifier offers one of the best. Note that Avago, Cosmo and NEC in one, and Fairchild in both cases did not have comparable products.
Conclusions
International Rectifier Company domestic developer primarily associated with high-power HEXFET and IGBT transistors, microcircuits for controlling power drives, voltage stabilizers, and lighting control solutions. With optoelectronic relays - much less often.
However, we are convinced that in such product groups as high-speed and low-voltage high-power opto-relays, International Rectifier is among the leaders.
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