The deepest and most significant area of the human mind is the unconscious. The unconscious is the repository of primitive instinctual urges plus emotions and memories that are so threatening to consciousness that they have been repressed and relegated to the unconscious. Unconscious material largely determines our daily functioning.
The study of the phenomenon of the unconscious goes back to ancient times; healers of the earliest civilizations recognized it in their practice. For Plato, the recognition of the existence of the unconscious served as the basis for the creation of a theory of knowledge, built on the reproduction of what is in the depths of the human psyche. Being familiar with the philosophical ideas of Plato, Freud undoubtedly drew from there some ideas about the unconscious. So, it is unlikely that those thoughts did not fall into his field of vision
Plato, which were associated with the problem of unconscious human knowledge.
Reflections on the problem of the unconscious occupied an important place in many philosophical works of the 19th century. During this period, a turn was planned and carried out from the rationalism of the Enlightenment and German classical philosophy to an irrationalistic understanding of human existence in the world.
The formation of Freud's psychoanalytic teaching was influenced by the philosophy of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. Many ideas of these philosophers largely predetermined various psychoanalytic concepts, including Freudian ideas about the unconscious.
For Freud, the unconscious is, first of all, mainly something mental, subject to comprehension only in connection with a person. Unlike others, Freud made the anatomy of consciousness and the unconscious psyche a scientific fact. But he explained this fact on the basis of only a “negative” concept - the unconscious psyche, understood only by denying the attribute of consciousness behind it.
It is known that the main regulator of human behavior is consciousness. Freud discovered that behind the veil of consciousness there is hidden a deep, “boiling” layer of powerful aspirations, drives, and desires that are not consciously realized by the individual. As an attending physician, he was faced with the fact that these unconscious experiences and motives can seriously burden life and even become the cause of neuropsychiatric diseases. This set him on a quest to find a means of relieving his patients of conflicts between what their conscious minds were telling them and their hidden, blind, unconscious impulses. Thus was born the Freudian method of healing the soul, called psychoanalysis.
The doctrine of the unconscious is the foundation on which the entire theory of psychoanalysis is based. Psychoanalysis (from the Greek psyche-soul and analysis-decision) is part of psychotherapy, a medical research method developed by S. Freud for diagnosing and treating hysteria. It was then reworked by Freud into a psychological doctrine aimed at studying the hidden connections and foundations of human mental life.
The unconscious should not be understood as something abstract or some kind of hypothesis created for a philosophical system.
The unconscious is those forms of mental life that, while possessing all the properties of the psyche, at the same time are not the property of consciousness.
The area of the unconscious includes mental phenomena that occur during sleep (dreams); responses that are caused by imperceptible, but actually affecting stimuli (“subsensory” or “subceptive” reactions); movements that were conscious in the past, but through repetition have become automated and therefore no longer conscious; some motivations for activity in which there is no consciousness of purpose, and others. Unconscious phenomena also include some pathological phenomena that arise in the psyche of a sick person: delusions, hallucinations, etc.
The unconscious forms the lowest level of the psyche. The unconscious is a set of mental processes, acts and states caused by influences, the influence of which a person is not aware of. Being mental (since the concept of the psyche is broader than the concept of “consciousness”, “conscious”), the unconscious is a form of reflection of reality in which the completeness of orientation in time and place of action is lost, and speech regulation of behavior is disrupted. In the unconscious, unlike consciousness, purposeful control over the actions performed is impossible, and evaluation of their results is also impossible.
Freud proceeds from the fact that the assumption of the unconscious is necessary due to the existence of such acts, the explanation of which requires the recognition of the presence of other acts that are not conscious, because the data of consciousness have many gaps. Only in this case, as he believes, is mental continuity not broken and the essence of the cognitive process with its conscious acts becomes clear.
Pre-Freudian psychology had a normal, physically and mentally healthy person as an object of study and explored the phenomenon of consciousness, while Freud, as a psychopathologist, exploring the nature and causes of neuroses, came across that area of the human psyche that had remained outside the field of view of previous psychology.
He faced the need to study the nature of the psyche, the inner world of the “I” and those structures that did not fit into the actual “conscious” in man, and came to the conclusion that the human psyche is a kind of conglomerate, consisting of various components that, by their nature, are not only conscious, but also unconscious and preconscious.
In general terms, the human psyche seems to Freud to be split into two opposing spheres of the conscious and unconscious, which represent essential characteristics of the individual. Freud calls conscious “that idea which exists in our consciousness and which we perceive as such, and we assert that this is the only meaning of the term “conscious.” But in Freud’s personality structure, both of these spheres are not represented equally: he considered the unconscious to be the central component constituting the essence of the human psyche, and the conscious to be only a special authority that builds on top of the unconscious. The conscious, according to Freud, owes its origin to the unconscious and “crystallizes” from it in the process of development of the psyche. Therefore, according to Freud, the conscious is not the essence of the psyche, but only such a quality of it that may or may not be attached to its other qualities.
The unconscious is a set of mental processes, acts and states caused by influences, the influence of which a person is not aware of. The unconscious includes mental processes over which there is no subjective control. Everything that does not become the subject of special actions of awareness turns out to be unconscious.
While remaining mental (hence it is clear that the concept of “psyche” is broader than the concept of “consciousness”), the unconscious is a form of reflection of reality in which the completeness of orientation in time and place of action is lost, and speech regulation of behavior is disrupted. In the unconscious, unlike consciousness, purposeful control by a person of the actions that he performs is impossible, and evaluation of their results is also impossible.
The area of the unconscious includes: 1) mental phenomena that occur during sleep (dreams); 2) responses that are caused by imperceptible, but actually affecting stimuli (subsensory or subceptive reactions); 3) movements that were conscious in the past, but due to repetition have become automated and therefore more unconscious; 4) some motivations for activity in which there is no consciousness of purpose, etc.
Unconscious phenomena also include some pathological phenomena that arise in the psyche of a sick person: delusions, hallucinations, etc.
The experimental development of the concept of the unconscious was started by S. Freud (1856–1939), an Austrian psychologist, psychiatrist and neurologist, the creator of psychoanalysis, who showed that many actions, the implementation of which a person is not aware of, have a meaningful nature and cannot be explained by the action instincts. He examined how this or that motivation manifests itself in dreams, neurotic symptoms, and creativity. Based on the material obtained through interpretation of associations, dreams, and erroneous actions of the patient, S. Freud created a three-member energy structure of the personality (unconscious, conscious and superconscious).
Subsequently, the concept of the unconscious was significantly expanded. There are several main classes of manifestations of the unconscious: 1) unconscious motives, the true meaning of which is not realized due to their social unacceptability or contradiction with other motives; 2) behavioral automatisms and stereotypes that operate in a familiar situation, the awareness of which is unnecessary due to their development; 3) subliminal perception, which due to the large amount of information is not realized. Subliminal perception is a form of objective perception that occurs without conscious control. The works of V. G. Gershuni and his colleagues experimentally showed that the development of conditioned reflexes is possible to unconscious stimuli.
The problem of the unconscious continues to be developed in line with various psychological schools. The development of ideas about the nature of the unconscious, the specifics of its manifestations, mechanisms and functions in the regulation of human behavior is a necessary condition for creating a holistic, objective picture of the mental life of the individual.
Unconscious
- The unconscious (according to the dictionary) is a set of mental phenomena that the subject is not aware of.
Traditionally, the concept of the unconscious is associated with the psychoanalytic direction. But nevertheless, the unconscious (i.e., occurring outside consciousness) can include a wider range of phenomena than Freud and Jung understood. From the point of view of P.V. Simonov, it is correct to call all these processes unconscious.
Consciousness (co-knowledge) is knowledge that can be transmitted with the help of words, mathematical symbols, generalizing images of works of art, and can become the property of other members of society. The unconscious is everything that cannot be communicated to others (associated with the lack of the possibility of verbalization).
According to P.V. For Simonov, the unconscious consists of the subconscious and superconscious.
According to Yu.B. The Gippenreiter unconscious consists of:
Unconscious mechanisms of conscious actions
Unconscious motivators of conscious actions
- “supraconscious” processes.
I. Subconscious - everything that was conscious or can become conscious under certain conditions.
According to Gippenreiter:
1) Unconscious mechanisms of conscious actions:
a) unconscious automatisms:
Primary - congenital or very early formed processes;
Secondary - skills. Gippenreiter considers 3 spheres of consciousness: focus, periphery and beyond the border - the unconscious: when forming skills, processes are first placed in focus, after which they shift to the periphery and, with final memorization, go beyond the border of consciousness. Skills can be not only in the motor sphere (piano), but also in others: perception (perception of a familiar foreign language), thinking (quickly solving examples using memorized formulas), this can also include superconsciousness according to S. Freud, that is, internalized norms of society, etc.
Functions - freeing consciousness for other work.
b) unconscious attitudes (connected with D.N. Uznadze)
Attitude is the readiness of an organism or subject to perform a certain action, or to react in a certain direction.
Experiment with balls: stage 1 - the subject is given 2 different balls in two hands 15-18 times, stage 2 - identical balls are given, the subject says that they are different. If the 1st stage takes place under hypnosis, the result of the 2nd stage is the same, which means that the installation that the balls are different all the time is unconscious.
c) unconscious accompaniment of conscious actions (facial expressions, imitation, physiological accompaniment of emotional reactions (the basis of a lie detector).
d) subsensory - a zone of sensitivity of the body that causes involuntary reactions, but is not reflected in the human consciousness.
The properties of this group of unconscious processes include their greater stability, conservatism, and low controllability (especially in relation to the physiological accompaniments of emotional reactions and unconscious attitudes).
Manifestations - behavioral components, physiological reactions.
2) Unconscious incentives for conscious actions
This area is most closely related to S. Freud's theory of the unconscious. Consciousness - preconsciousness - unconsciousness.
Preconscious knowledge includes hidden, latent knowledge that can easily pass into consciousness, but is not currently updated. The unconscious is the result of repression, suppression, resistance; a consequence of social norms and prohibitions.
Properties:
High energy charge;
Difficulty in transitioning to consciousness;
Effectiveness (related to the first).
Manifestations: 3 main forms:
Dreams
Erroneous actions (forgetting, slips of the tongue, slips of the tongue)
Neurotic symptoms (a kind of sublimation).
Symptoms are not always based on suppressed sexual desire. These may be other unpleasant experiences repressed by the subject (Freud could not remember a restaurant whose name coincides with the name of the enemy).
According to Jung, the individual unconscious is an area consisting of mental elements that were previously conscious, but repressed and forgotten, suppressed, as well as elements that were so energetically weak that they could not penetrate consciousness (for example, subsensory perception). Manifestation of the individual unconscious - through behavior - complexes (mother complex, power complex...)
II. Superconsciousness or supraconsciousness
Mental processes that generate new, previously non-existent information by recombining traces of impressions received from the outside.
Function - protection against premature intervention of consciousness.
Being probable by nature, superconsciousness is nevertheless not a random selection of combinations, it is conditioned by:
1) previously accumulated experience, including the experience of previous generations;
2) a task or goal that the consciousness that encounters a problem sets before the superconscious;
3) dominant need.
Properties - qualitative novelty of information, uncertainty of the moment of completion of the process and transition to consciousness.
Manifestations:
1) Superconsciousness is associated with the creative process. In this case, it manifests itself in the sudden (relatively sudden - this topic must first become dominant at some stage) appearance of hypotheses, ideas, solutions... or in works of art.
2) The processes of experiencing major life events and feelings are sometimes referred to as superconscious; a consequence of the work of the superconscious is personal crises.
3) Myths, superstitions, beliefs - which, although not a reflection of reality, nevertheless satisfy the need to organize ideas about the world around us. From this point of view, the collective unconscious according to G. Jung can be classified as superconscious (although on the other hand it can also be considered as unconscious attitudes).
4. P.V. Simonov attributes humor to manifestations of superconsciousness as a feeling of the superiority of the new over the cumbersomeness of outdated norms.
UNCONSCIOUS- 1. A set of mental processes of acts and states caused by phenomena of reality, in relation to which there is no subjective, conscious control, and the influence of which the subject is not aware of. Everything that does not become the subject of special actions of awareness turns out to be unconscious. 2. A form of reflection of the psyche, in which the image of reality and the subject’s attitude towards it do not act as an object of special reflection and form an inseparable whole. It differs from consciousness in that the reality it reflects merges with the experiences of the subject, with his relationship to the world; therefore, in the unconscious, voluntary control of actions and assessment of their results are impossible. In the unconscious, reality is experienced through such forms of assimilation and identification of oneself with other people and phenomena:
1) direct emotional feeling;
2) identification;
3) emotional infection;
4) combining various phenomena into one series through participation, and not through identifying logical contradictions and differences between objects according to some essential characteristics. Often in the unconscious, the past, present and future coexist, uniting in one mental act (for example, in a dream). The unconscious finds expression in the early forms of the child’s cognition of reality and in primitive thinking, in intuition, affects, panic, hypnosis, dreams, in habitual actions, in subliminal perception (‑> subsensory perception), in involuntary memorization, etc.; as well as in aspirations, feelings and actions, the reasons for which are not realized. There are four classes of manifestations of the unconscious:
1) supraconscious phenomena (‑> supraconscious);
2) unconscious motivators of activity (‑> unconscious motivator) - unconscious motives and semantic attitudes determined by a meaningful personal desired future.
3) unconscious regulators of ways of performing activities (‑> unconscious regulator);
4) manifestations of subsensory perception. Development of ideas about the nature of the unconscious, the specifics of its manifestations, mechanisms and functions in the regulation of behavior - necessary condition creating a holistic picture of the mental life of the individual.
Unconscious. S. Freud's term, meaning the most important, meaningful and extensive system of the psyche, including various, including opposite, unconscious “primary” drives, instincts, desires, impulses, thoughts, etc. It was Freud who began the experimental development of the concept of the unconscious. He showed that many actions, the implementation of which a person is not aware of, have a meaningful nature and cannot be explained by the action of instincts. He examined how a certain motivation manifests itself in dreams, neurotic symptoms, and creativity. Mental processes themselves are unconscious: only individual acts and aspects of mental life are conscious. The unconscious is an asocial, immoral and illogical instance of the psyche, where powerful impersonal forces of life and death operate; therefore it can be considered as a truly real psychic.
The main regulator of this system is the principle of pleasure (=> mental and unconscious process). The contents of this area are not realized because they are weak (as in the preconscious): they are strong, and their strength is manifested in the fact that they influence the actions and states of the subject. Their distinctive properties are the effectiveness and difficulty of transition into consciousness. This is explained by the work of two postulated mental mechanisms - repression and resistance. The unconscious includes those desires, drives, experiences that a person cannot admit to himself and which are therefore either not allowed into consciousness or are repressed from it - as if forgotten, but still remain in mental life and strive for realization, encouraging their “ owner" to certain actions, manifesting themselves in them in a distorted form - in dreams, creativity, fantasies, neurotic disorders, reservations, etc. This kind of censorship arises primarily because these forbidden desires and experiences do not correspond to the rules, prohibitions and ideals, which are developed under the influence of interaction with the environment, and first of all, relationships with parents in childhood. These experiences seem to be immoral, although natural. Suppressed desires, internal conflict of attraction and prohibition are the cause of psychological difficulties and suffering, leading to neurotic diseases. Striving for realization, the unconscious seems to find ways to bypass censorship. And dreams, slips of the tongue, etc. are a kind of symbolic language that can be deciphered. So, the three main forms of manifestation of the unconscious are dreams, erroneous actions and neurotic symptoms. Subsequently, the concept of the unconscious was significantly expanded. There are several main classes of manifestations of the unconscious:
1) unconscious motives - the true meaning of which is not realized due to their social unacceptability or contradiction with other motives;
2) behavioral automatisms and stereotypes - operating in a familiar situation, the awareness of which is unnecessary due to their development;
3) subliminal perception - due to the large amount of information, it is not realized.
Unconscious: type (two types of unconscious). According to S. Freud, in a dynamic sense there is only one type of unconscious, while in a descriptive sense there are two types:
1) latent - capable of becoming conscious (‑> preconscious);
2) repressed - which in itself cannot become conscious.
UNCONSCIOUS RESISTANCE‑> resistance of the unconscious.
UNCONSCIOUS SUPREME(superconsciousness) - According to R. Assagioli - higher feelings and abilities, intuition, inspiration.
UNCONSCIOUS COLLECTIVE- According to K. G. Jung - a special form of social existence of the unconscious as an accumulator, custodian and bearer of the genetically inherited experience of the phylogenetic development of humanity. A special class of mental phenomena, which, unlike the individual (personal) unconscious, are carriers of the experience of the phylogenetic development of humanity. The collective unconscious imprints the experience of humanity. Everyone is its carrier by virtue of belonging to the human race and culture, and it is this layer of the unconscious that is the deep, hidden thing that determines the characteristics of behavior, thinking and feeling. The content of the collective unconscious consists of archetypes - universal a priori patterns of behavior, which in real life person are filled with specific content. It exists in mental life along with consciousness and the unconscious personal. The doctrine of the collective unconscious is the basis of Jung’s theory (‑> analytical psychology).
UNCONSCIOUS PERSONAL- is formed in the development of a person’s individual experience and represents the contents that are repressed by it - complexes.
UNCONSCIOUS LOWER- according to R. Assagioli - instinctive impulses, passions, primitive desires, etc.
UNCONSCIOUS SOCIAL- according to E. Fromm - the unconscious, characteristic of most people, - repressed elements, the content of which is what a given society cannot allow its members to bring to consciousness if it is going to continue to successfully act on the basis of its own contradictions (=> collective unconscious) .
UNCONSCIOUS MEAN- according to R. Assagioli - a similarity to Freud's preconscious - thoughts and feelings that can easily be realized.
UNCONSCIOUSNESS- one of the signs of the psyche, which, however, is not characterizing.
(Golovin S.Yu. Dictionary of practical psychologist - Minsk, 1998)
UNCONSCIOUS(English) unconscious) - a concept denoting a set of mental formations, processes and mechanisms, the functioning and influence of which the subject is not aware of. The development of ideas about B. in psychology began Z.Freud, who was the first to draw attention to the fact that many human actions, seemingly random at first glance, are determined by deep motives And complexes, which the person himself is not aware of. These motives also appear in dreams, neurotic symptoms, products creativity and others. Subsequently, various manifestations of B. were studied both in applied clinical psychology, so in experimental psychology. Today, there are 5 classes of manifestations of B.
1. Unconscious stimulants of activity (motives and semantic attitudes), which are not recognized due to their social unacceptability or discrepancy with other needs, motives and attitudes of the individual (see. Psychological protection). The influence of such motives and attitudes can lead to violations adaptation and mental health personality. Correction of these violations is carried out through psychotherapy, during which the client comes to awareness of conflicting impulses and gains the opportunity to consciously control them.
2. Unconscious mechanisms (in particular, fixed-set mechanisms) that ensure the unhindered execution of habitual behavioral automatisms and stereotypes, the application in the appropriate situation of the subject’s skills And skills. The underlying operations initially realized; as they are practiced and automated, they cease to be recognized.
3. Mechanisms and processes subliminal perception objects. Objects perceived at this level are not given in the form of an image and are not recognized by the subject, but they have a regulating influence on the course of his activity.
4. Superconscious phenomena (unconscious mechanisms of creative processes, the results of which are recognized as artistic images, scientific discoveries, manifestations intuition,inspiration, creative insight, etc.).
5. Structures of social B. - unconscious linguistic, cultural, ideological and other schematisms, myths and social norms, defining the worldview of people belonging to a given culture(cm. Prelogical thinking).
The unconscious nature of the functioning of a significant part of the human mental apparatus is an inevitable consequence of its structure. Unconscious processes do not require outside control consciousness, which allows you to unload it to perform other tasks. At the same time, the possibility of awareness (but not constant awareness) of the motives driving a person, intrapersonal conflicts and the structures of social life allows a person to rise to a higher level of managing his behavior. (D. A. Leontyev.)
(Zinchenko V.P., Meshcheryakov B.G. Bolshoi psychological dictionary- 3rd ed., 2002)
UNCONSCIOUS
UNCONSCIOUS
A set of mental states and processes that occur without the participation of consciousness.
The concept of B. was first expressed by G. Leibniz. He assessed B. as the lowest form of mental activity. Certain mental processes, he believed, lie beyond conscious ideas, which rise like islands above the ocean of dark perceptions. However, in the history of philosophy one can point to many philosophers who have made conjectures about B. Socrates and Plato have this doctrine of amnesis - knowledge as recollection. B. Spinoza spoke about unconscious reasons that determine. I. Kant connected B. with the problem of intuition, i.e. with the direct acquisition of knowledge in the form of a guess without evidence or logic.
The romantics made a significant contribution to the development of the concept of B. They sought to expose dark side soul, describe the intuitive creative forces on which it relies. As soon as he finds himself uncontrollable, he rushes towards life with the intention of mastering it and subjugating it to himself. Reason and rationality deprive life of its roots and nutritious soil. A. Schopenhauer considered B. as a spontaneous life principle, the many faces of will in the world. For him, the world will is an unconscious beginning. The phenomenon of B. in the human soul is described, in fact, by F. Nietzsche in his reasoning about two powerful principles of antiquity. culture - Apollonian and Dionysian. The latter is B. The ecstasy of Dionysus is complete in the flow of world life. Man strives to merge with the universal thrill of existence.
In 1869, E. von Hartmann published the book “Philosophy of the Unconscious.” The author, referring to F.V.Y. Schelling and Schopenhauer, considered B. as the beginning of life in all its manifestations. Thus, B.’s discovery was prepared by the long development of philosophy. The merit of the Austrian psychologist and philosopher 3. Freud is that he managed to give a detailed picture of this phenomenon, to reveal the conflict between B. and the will of man and with the reality surrounding him.
Before Freud, researchers believed that the unconscious of the human psyche crystallizes in consciousness and is then repressed from it. Freud has priority in the discovery of B. as an autonomous, impersonal principle independent of consciousness human soul: “Everything that is repressed is unconscious, but not everything that is unconscious is repressed.”
B. interferes intensively with human life. According to Freud, the idea that our actions are guided by the ego is nothing more than. In fact, the natural impersonal principle rules, which forms the unconscious basis of our soul, i.e. psyche. The division of the psyche into the conscious and the biological is the main premise of psychoanalysis. Thanks to this definition, it becomes possible to understand frequent and important pathological processes of mental life.
Psychoanalysis does not consider the conscious to be the essence of the psyche. He considers it as a quality of the psyche, which can be attached to other qualities or be absent altogether. B. beginning Freud called the Id and emphasized that our Ego is only a toy in the hands of this ancient and dark force. It, in Freud's understanding, is of purely natural origin. All primary human drives are concentrated in it: firstly, sexual desires, and secondly, the death drive, which, when turned outward, turns out to be a desire for destruction. Dark seething abyss It hides under a thin film of consciousness. Smoothed images of consciousness, refined ones hide the bubbling.
The human self, according to Freud, struggles to survive in the world of nature and society. However, the individual's impulses run into the unreasonable force of the id. If the I relates to the principle of reality, in other words, tries to adapt to the objective, actual conditions of life, then It is guided by the principle of pleasure. This is how the irreconcilable relationship between I and It is born: “In relation to It, I am like a rider who must curb the superior strength of the horse.”
If Hegel drew on the “cunning of the mind”, then Freud - “on the cunning of the unconscious”, i.e. to the depths of the psyche to realize one’s own desires, giving them conscious choice. Perception for the I plays the same role as it occupies in the Id. The self represents what can be called reason and prudence.
The concept of B. was born as a result of processing experience in which special role plays psychic. Many strong mental processes are not realized. Ideas cannot be realized when B resists them. Meanwhile, psychoanalytic technique has found means by which one can stop the resisting force and make unconscious ideas conscious. The state in which they were before their awareness is called “repression” by Freud. The force that led to repression and supported it is felt in analytical work as resistance.
In Freudianism, B., leading the fight against the conscious, is considered as the main regulator, the internal spring of all human activity. How B. is characterized by involuntary memories, the unexpected appearance of new ideas, automatic action, pathological conditions, etc.
A different interpretation of B. is given by K.G. Jung. B. is no longer considered as purely natural; was born at the origins of human history in collective mental experience, so we can talk about the cultural genesis of B. Jung defines B. as exclusively psychological. It covers all those mental contents or processes that are not conscious, i.e. are not perceptually related to our Self.
In modern depth psychology, B. is no longer considered the result of repressive activity of consciousness, as Freud believed. Jung presents B. as specific and creative, as a kind of psychic primordial reality, the main source of the basic motives and archetypes of experience characteristic of all people, as a source of creative fantasy of the spirit.
B. is a completely independent, independent sphere of the human psyche, although it continuously interacts with consciousness. At the same time, the individual consciousness of a person does not have at its disposal any means with the help of which it could comprehend B. It is capable of assimilation by consciousness only in symbolic forms, i.e. in the form in which it appears in dreams, fantasies, creativity and traditional mythological images.
The phenomenon of B. is also studied by transpersonal psychology. It is considered as a vast continent and an inexhaustible psychological. In it one can find certain stable standards, those streams of visions that the patient evokes in his psyche during experiments.
Philosophy: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Gardariki. Edited by A.A. Ivina. 2004 .
UNCONSCIOUS
in a broad sense - a totality of mental. processes, operations and states that are not represented in the consciousness of the subject. In a number of psychological theories of B. - special mental or processes that are qualitatively different from the phenomena of consciousness. The term "B." also used to characterize individual and group behavior, valid. the goals and consequences of which are not realized.