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Natural building materials and raw materials for their production

General characteristics of natural building materials, their technological properties, areas of application, industrial and genetic types of deposits, resource base.

The group of natural building materials includes sands and sandstones, sand-gravel mixtures, clays, carbonate rocks, gypsum and anhydrites, and building stones.

1. Sands, sandstones and sand-gravel mixtures

Sands are fine-clastic rocks of mono- or polymineral composition with particle sizes of 0.1 -1.0 mm. Sandstones are cemented sands; the cement can be quartz, carbonate, ferruginous, clayey, etc. Gravel is a clastic material with fragment sizes of 1-10 mm. Sand-gravel mixtures contain at least 10% gravel fractions and at least 5% sand fractions.

Main industrial-genetic types of deposits.

1. Alluvial: ancient - buried valleys and terraces (Kiyatskoye - Tatarstan, Berezovskoye - Krasnoyarsk region); modern - floodplain and channel (Burtsevskoye - Nizhny Novgorod region, Ust-Kamskoye - Tatarstan);

2. Marine and lacustrine chervertic age (Eganovskoye, Lyuberetskoye - Moscow region; Sestroretskoye - Leningrad region).

3. Fluvioglacial (Strugi - Krasnye - Pskov region) 4. Aeolian - dunes and dunes (Sosnovskoye - Chuvashia; Matakinskoye - Tatarstan);

The use of sand and gravel in the national economy is based on the various physical properties of these clastic rocks. More than 96% of mined sand and gravel is consumed in construction, less than 5% is the share of highly pure quartz sands used in the glass, ceramic, metallurgical industries, as well as in the production of ferrosilicon, silicon carbide, etc.

The chemical composition is of utmost importance for glass, ceramic, molding and other pure quartz sands. Their silica content should exceed 90%. High silica content -- necessary condition and for sands used in the production of ferrosilicon, silicon carbide, liquid glass etc., as well as for abrasive and filter sands, for molding sands used in foundries, for the production of sand-lime bricks.

More than 60% of quartz sand deposits are located in the European part of Russia. Large deposits are exploited: Eganovskoye and Lyuberetskoye in the Moscow region, Tashlinskoye in the Ulyanovsk region, Balasheyskoye in the Samara region, Millerovskoye in the Rostov region, Tulunskoye in the Irkutsk region, etc.

Quartz raw materials are produced, except for the CIS countries, Austria, Belgium, Saudi Arabia, Australia, imported by Germany, Sweden, Japan.

World consumption of quartz sands is about 100-120 million per year. The share of the CIS countries (million tons) is about 36, the USA - 28, Germany - 10-14, France ~6, England -4, Belgium and Brazil - 3-4 each, Austria and Australia - 2 each.

In Russia in 1996, more than 6 million tons of glass and molding sands were produced, including about 1.5 million tons of glass. In other CIS countries, the volume of production of the same sands amounted to about 60% of Russian production.

Polymictic construction sands and sand-gravel mixtures are mainly associated with glacial deposits in the Central and North-Western parts of Russia, as well as on the plains of the southern European part, in Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Far East, where alluvial, aeolian and marine deposits are widely developed.

Deposits of sand and gravel raw materials are widespread, although not ubiquitous. In Russia, 1269 deposits with reserves of almost 10 billion m3 of industrial categories have been taken into account. About 600 deposits are being developed with an annual production of 130-190 million m3.

In the northern region of the European part of Russia, raw material reserves account for 32% of the all-Russian total, production is 36%. The North Caucasus region accounts for about 15% of reserves and production of raw materials. 17% of reserves are concentrated in the Ural region, production is 32%. In total, more than 80% of raw materials are mined in the European part of Russia.

Sandstones are compacted cemented, metamorphosed sands, the strength properties of which depend on the composition of the cement and the nature of cementation. The composition of cement may include clay minerals, carbonates, silica, iron oxides, phosphates, etc.

Used in construction business as wall stone, rubble, crushed stone and paving stones, for producing grindstones.

The genesis of sandstones is sedimentary (Cheremshanskoye deposit in Buryatia, Shokshinskoye - in Karelia, in Donbass).

Clays are finely dispersed rocks, consisting mainly of layered aluminosilicates and possessing plasticity. Depending on the predominance of any component, clays are divided into allophane, kaolinite, montmorillonite, hydromica, and palygorskite.

Features of the material composition determine the most important technological properties of clays:

1. Plasticity - the ability, when mixed with a limited amount of water, to produce dough that takes any shape under pressure and retains it when dried. Plasticity is determined by the mineral composition, the degree of dispersion and is characteristic of montmorillonite clays, less so for kaolinite clays.

2. Swelling - the property of clays to increase in volume when absorbing water. Montmorillonite has the greatest swelling, kaolinite has the least swelling.

3. Shrinkage - reduction in volume upon drying.

4. Sinterability - the ability to sinter into a stone-like substance when fired solid- shard.

5. Fire resistance - the ability of a shard to withstand high temperatures without softening or melting. Clays are divided into refractory, refractory and low-melting clays. The most refractory are kaolins, low-melting clays are montmorillonite and beidellite clays.

6. Swelling during firing - an increase in volume and a decrease in the density of the clay material.

7. Adsorption (absorption) properties - the ability to absorb and retain ions and molecules of various substances on its surface.

8. Water resistance

9. Relative chemical inertness.

There are 4 most important industrial groups:

Construction and coarse ceramic clays include low-melting and, to a lesser extent, refractory clays. They are used in fired form for the production of construction (bricks, tiles) and coarse ceramics: clinker bricks, drainage pipes, metlakh tiles, earthenware, with accelerated firing - to produce expanded clay and agloporite. In its unfired form, it is used as a building, binding, waterproof (for the construction of dams) material.

Refractory and refractory clays are used for internal lining blast furnaces, for the production of acid-resistant products, fine ceramics, as a molding material in foundry.

Kaolins and kaolinite clays are highly refractory and are used for the production of fine ceramics. These are porcelain and earthenware products, sanitary and medical equipment, household and chemical utensils. As a filler - in the paper, chemical, glass, perfume industries.

Bentonites are fine clays with high binding capacity, adsorption and catalytic activity. They are used for the production of flushing fluids (including drilling fluids), the production of iron ore pellets, the production of expanded clay, as adsorbents in the oil refining, food (purification of wines, juices), textile industries, in agriculture.

1. Residual deposits of weathering crusts: kaolinite, bentonite, hydromica (Ural, Ukraine).

2. Sedimentary - marine, lagoon, lake and river (Borshchevskoe - Russia, Cherkasy - Ukraine), glacial (Pskov, Novgorod, Leningrad region), aeolian (southern Russia and Ukraine).

3. Volcanogenic-sedimentary - bentonites are formed in water basins (Gumbri - Georgia, Oglanlinskoe - Turkmenistan).

4. Hydrothermal - bentonites, kaolins (Sarygyukhskoye - Armenia, Askanskoye - Georgia, Gusevskoye - Primorye Russia).

5. Metamorphosed type of deposits - mudstones (Biklyanskoye - Russia, Cherkasy - Ukraine).

The world's explored resources of bentonite clays are estimated at 2000 million tons, incl. in the USA -800 million tons. World production in 2000 amounted to 9.3 million tons, of which the USA accounted for 3.8 million tons, Greece - 0.95 million tons, Germany, Turkey, Italy - 0.5 million each. T. Russia produced only 0.37 million tons, which does not meet domestic needs and means complete dependence on imports, especially in alkaline bentonites. About 70% of the reserves of high-quality bentonites of the former USSR remained outside of Russia (in the Caucasus and Central Asia).

World production of kaolin in 2000 amounted to 39.8 million tons, of which in the USA - 9.45 million tons, the Czech Republic -2.9 million tons, the UK -2.3 million tons, South Korea -2.2 million tons. In Russia - 0.04 million tons, this is extremely insufficient and Russia depends on imports, in particular from Ukraine and Kazakhstan.

3. Carbonate rocks

construction carbonate rock stone

Carbonate rocks make up about 20% of the sedimentary deposits of the earth's crust and are represented by the following varieties.

Limestones are sedimentary rocks consisting mainly of calcite (CaCO 3) with an admixture of dolomite (Ca, Mg(CO 3) 2), sand and clay particles. With a dolomite content of 20-50% - dolomitic limestone.

Shell limestones consist of fragments of shells cemented with carbonate or clay-carbonate cement - light porous rocks.

Chalk is a rock consisting of 60-70% of the smallest remains of skeletal formations of planktonic organisms and 30-40% of fine-grained powdered calcite.

Marls are fine-grained sedimentary rocks, transitional from limestones and dolomites to clayey rocks and containing 50-70% calcite or dolomite or a mixture of both and 20-50% clay-sandy material.

Dolomites are carbonate sedimentary rocks consisting (at least 90%) of the mineral dolomite (Ca, Mg (CO 3) 2).

Marbles and marbled limestones are carbonate rocks that have undergone recrystallization as a result of regional or contact metamorphism.

The main industries and volumes of consumption of carbonate rocks are as follows (in%): production of building and facing stones - 60, cement industry - 20, metallurgical - 10, lime - 5, refractory - 2, agriculture - 1, others -- 2.

For the production of construction and facing stones limestones, dolomites, and marbles are used, which are distinguished by their decorative properties and good polishability, high physical and mechanical properties - hardness, strength. Rubble stone, crushed stone, chips, piece and facing stones are produced from carbonate rocks. About 220 million tons of carbonate rocks are consumed annually for the needs of civil, industrial and road construction alone.

The cement industry widely uses limestone, chalk, marls or their mixtures with certain ratios of AI2O3, Si0 2, Fe 2 0 3 and CaO. Low-magnesium carbonate rocks containing at least 40% CaO and no more than 3.5% MgO are considered standard.

Portland cements, aluminous cement and many other types of binders are made from carbonate rocks. The raw materials for the production of Portland cement are various carbonate rocks, among which limestone, chalk and marls play a predominant role. Special value have natural marls. Portland cements are used to make concrete.

In the metallurgical industry, pure carbonate rocks serve primarily as fluxes. They convert waste rocks into slag and harmful impurities.. A significant amount of dolomites is used as a raw material for the production of magnesium and refractory material in metallurgy.

The lime industry for the production of hydraulic, air, slow-slaking and other types of construction lime consumes mainly limestone and chalk.

Pure limestones are used in the chemical industry for the production of soda, calcium carbide, caustic potassium and sodium, chlorine, etc. In the food industry, they are used to purify sugar. In agriculture, soft limestones and chalk are used for liming podzolic soils. A significant amount of carbonate raw materials is used in glass, paper, paint, rubber and other industries.

Industrial-genetic types of deposits:

1. Sedimentary - marine are represented by limestones, dolomites, marls and chalk. According to the conditions of formation, biogenic, chemogenic and mixed are distinguished. Industrial limestone deposits - on a significant part of the East European and Siberian platforms, in the Urals, Kuzbass, Altai, Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Caucasus, in the Rostov region (Zhirnovskoe deposit); dolomites - in the Urals (Sukhorechenskoye) in the Yenisei Ridge, the Lesser Khingan ridge; chalk - Volskaya group (Saratov region); marls - Novorossiysk group of deposits;

2. Metamorphosed - marbles and marbleized limestones (Belogorskoye in Karelia; Kibik-Kordonskoye in the Sayans).

World consumption of carbonate raw materials is more than 5 billion tons. per year. The largest consumers are the USA, Russia, and Japan.

The resources of carbonate rocks in Russia are enormous. They are distributed extremely unevenly across the territory. About 50% of reserves are concentrated in the European part. The least supplied areas are Karelia and the Murmansk region, as well as the Tyumen, Omsk, Kamchatka and Kaliningrad regions.

4. Gypsum (CaSO 4 2H 2 O) and anhydrite (CaSO 4)

Gypsum and anhydrite are the most common among salt-bearing formations and are similar to each other. Gypsum is a layered or massive rock with a white granular structure. Gypsum crystals are transparent, granular aggregates are colored by impurities in different colors; fine-grained translucent aggregate - alabaster; fine-fiber - selenite. Low hardness, easy to process.

When calcined, gypsum loses water of crystallization. At t = 100-180 ° C they turn into hemihydrate (CaSO 4 · 0.5H 2 O); at t = 200-220 ° C - artificial anhydrite, soluble in water; at t = 800-1000 ° C - estrich gypsum, at t = 1600 ° C - into burnt lime CaO.

Anhydrite differs from gypsum in greater density and strength and has significantly worse binding properties.

The main property of gypsum, which determines its industrial use, is the ability to lose crystallization water when heated and, when mixed with water, produce a plastic mass that gradually hardens in air and turns into a durable artificial stone.

Of the gypsum binders, construction gypsum is most widely used for plastering and finishing works, manufacturing building structures. To obtain building gypsum, natural gypsum is crushed and ground, and then fired in rotary or shaft kilns at 130-180°C for 1.5-2 hours. By processing natural gypsum with saturated steam under pressure, high-strength semi-aqueous gypsum is obtained - a binder with short setting and hardening times, which has increased mechanical strength and is used as molding and medical gypsum. The first is used for the manufacture of working forms in porcelain, earthenware and ceramic production, for casting metals and alloys, and performing various sculptural works; the second is used in surgery and dentistry. Estrich gypsum slowly combines with water and becomes a binder used to make tile and screed floors, mortars, window sills and steps, artificial marble, etc. Gypsum is widely used in the production of various cements. Gypsum slag cement. successfully used in the construction of underground and underwater structures exposed to leaching and sulfate aggression.

In the production of gypsum binders and as additives to cements, more than 90% of all mined gypsum and anhydrite are consumed. In small quantities, gypsum and anhydrite are used as facing and ornamental stones, and as flux when melting oxidized nickel ores, in the chemical industry, agriculture and paper making.

Gypsum and anhydrite are formed in saline pools during the initial stages of salt deposition.

Industrial-genetic types of deposits:

1. Sedimentary: syngenetic - precipitation from solutions (Novomoskovskoye in the Tula region, Pskov region, Kamenomostskoye - North Caucasus - Russia, Transnistrian deposits - Ukraine); epigenetic - during hydration of anhydrite (Zalarinskoye in the Irkutsk region, in the Donbass, Zvozskoye in the Arkhangelsk region);

2. “Gypsum hats” - residual products of rock salt dissolution (Brinevskoye deposit - Belarus):

3. Infiltration - during the dissolution and redeposition of gypsum scattered in rocks (Northern Caucasus, Central Asia, Kazakhstan).

Large reserves of gypsum have been explored in the world - about 7 billion tons, including more than 5 billion tons in Europe, about 1 billion tons in the USA, and 0.5 billion tons in Canada.

The leading exporters of gypsum and anhydrite are Canada, Thailand, and Spain. The main importers are the USA and Japan.

Explored reserves of gypsum, anhydrite and gypsum-bearing rocks are available in all CIS countries with the exception of Belarus; 75% of reserves are concentrated in Russia.

The reserves of gypsum and anhydrite in Russia are distributed unevenly: 95% of them are located in the European part and only 5% in the Asian part. Most of Russia's gypsum raw materials (58%) are located in the Central region, where the largest explored and developed deposits are located.

Of the total production of gypsum anhydrite rocks in the CIS countries, 59% comes from Russia,

5. Natural building and finishing stones

Building stones represent a large group of non-metallic minerals, occupying one of the first places in terms of consumption volumes in construction industry. Being inert materials, they include saw (wall) and facing stones and, along with sands and sand-gravel mixtures, constitute the main complex of natural building materials used in their natural state without the use of thermochemical treatment.

Natural building stones are igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks of various compositions. In most cases, the mineral composition of rocks is not significant; the physical and mechanical properties of the rocks are decisive. IN the largest quantities carbonate rocks, granites and similar rocks are used. Gabbroids, basaltoids, and sandstones are used less frequently.

Inert building materials obtained by processing building stones are used as fillers for heavy concrete.

The use of building stones depends on their physical and technological properties. The most important are strength and durability, depending on the mineral composition of the rock, structural and textural features, fracturing, porosity, etc. The most resistant rocks are: quartzites, granites, syenites, diorites. Carbonate rocks - limestones, dolomites and marbles, despite their relatively low abrasion resistance, are characterized by compressive strength and are used for internal and exterior finishing buildings. Fine-grained rocks are usually stronger than coarse-grained rocks. To assess the suitability of the rock as a building stone, a set of special laboratory tests is carried out, including determination of bulk density, density, porosity, water absorption, frost resistance, compressive strength, tensile strength, bending strength, abrasiveness, viscosity, etc. Depending on the application, workability is additionally studied, viscosity, fire resistance, polishability, color fastness, etc.

Building stones are used in the following form:

Rubble stone (rubble) is an irregularly shaped stone measuring 140 mm, used for laying foundations in the construction of massive structures (dams, dikes, etc.).

Piece stones are products of regular geometric shape with processed surfaces, used as curb stones, paving stones for road surfaces, architectural and finishing details, steps, plinth and facing products, shafts and millstones - industrial products.

Saw stones - blocks standard size cut with disc cutters directly into the rock mass and used as wall material.

Crushed stone is the most widely used product used as a filler for concrete and asphalt concrete, for filling railway tracks and highways.

Natural facing stones represent a specific group of building materials, the industrial value of which is determined primarily by their decorative properties. Along with this, an important property of facing stones is mechanical strength, the ability to accept various types surface treatments and weather resistance - weather resistance.

Rocks of various origins are used as facing stones: intrusive - granites, syenites, diorites, gabbro-norites, labradorites; effusive - basalts, diabases, andesites, porphyries, porphyrites, volcanic tuffs; metamorphic - marbles, quartzites; sedimentary - limestones, dolomites, travertines, gypsum, sandstones, conglomerates and breccias. The most widely used are granites and marbles.

In Russia, a large mining area for high-quality igneous and metamorphic rocks is the Baltic Shield (Kola Peninsula, Karelia): granites of different colors and patterns are used as facing and monumental stones. Another large region is the Urals: granites, gabbros, jaspers, marbles. Numerous deposits of igneous and metamorphic rocks are known in Altai, Sayan Mountains, Transbaikalia, and Primorsky Krai (granites, basalts, gabbro-diabases, tuffs). Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Armenia also have significant reserves of various building stones.

European part and Western Siberia have numerous deposits of sedimentary carbonate rocks, sandstones, conglomerates

On the territory of Russia, more than 1000 deposits of building stones with reserves by industrial categories of about 20 billion m 3 have been taken into account. More than 500 deposits are being developed. About 100 million m3 of building stones are mined annually.

Reserves of saw limestone in Russia are approximately 110 million m 3 . More than 100 thousand m 3 are mined per year.

The leading country in the world in the production and use of facing materials and products is Italy, which exports a significant part of marble to different countries. Deposits of rare varieties of marble are located in Belgium and France. Highly decorative granite is mined in Sweden, Spain, and Brazil.

In Russia, 146 deposits of facing stones with industrial reserves of 536 million m are taken into account. Of these, about 40 deposits are being developed with an annual production volume of 500-600 thousand m 3. In the rest of the CIS countries, about 300 fields with reserves of about 900 million m 3 are taken into account. 3.5 million m of facing stones are mined annually at 165 developed deposits.

Literature

1. Agafonov G.V., Volkova E.D. and others. “Russian Fuel and Energy Complex: Current state and a look into the future." Novosibirsk, Science, Siberian Publishing Company RAS, 1999, 312 pages.

2.Eremin N.I. Non-metallic minerals: Textbook - Moscow State University Publishing House. 1991.-284 p.

3. Karyakin A.E., Strona P.A. and others. Industrial types of deposits of non-metallic minerals. M. Nedra. 1985.

4. Tatarinov I.K., Karyakin A.E. and others. Course of deposits of solid minerals, L. Nedra, 1975.

5. Yakovlev P.D. Industrial types of ore deposits. M. "Nedra", 1986. Tutorial. 358s.

Additional

1 Vaganov V.I., Varlamov V.A. Diamonds of Russia: mineral resource base, problems, prospects. // Mineral resources of Russia. Economics and management - 1995- No. 1.

2. Baibakov N.K., Pravednikov N.K., Staroselsky V.I. and others. Yesterday, today and tomorrow of the oil and gas industry of Russia. -M.: Publishing house IGiRGI, 1995.

3. Benevolsky B.I., Raw materials base of gold in Russia on the path of development - problems and prospects. Mineral Resources of Russia, magazine, 2006, No. 2, pp. 8-16.

4. Butova M.N., Zubtsov I.B. Problems of development of the raw material base and indium production // Mineral Resources of Russia. -- 199 p.

5. Gold G.S. Mineral resources: Social challenge of the time. -M.: Trade unions and economics, 2001.-407 p.

6. Dvornikov V.A. Economic security. Theory and reality of threats. - M.: Nedra, 2000.

7. Zaidenvarg V.E., Novitny A.M., Tverdokhlebov V.F. Coal raw material base of Russia: state and development prospects // Coal. -- 1999. -- No. 9.

8. Kavchik B.K. Alluvial gold mining in the 21st century. Mineral Resources of Russia, magazine, 2007, No. 2, pp. 43-49.

9. Kozlovsky E.A. Mineral problems of Russia on the eve of the 21st century, M., Moscow State University for Humanities, 1999, 402 p.

10. Kozlovsky E.A. Russia: mineral resource policy and national security. - M. Publishing house of Moscow State University for the Humanities, 2002. 856 p.

11. Kozlovsky E.A., Shchadov M.I. Mineral and raw materials problems of national security of Russia. - M.: Publishing house of Moscow State University for Humanities, 1997.

12. Kochetkov A.Ya. ,Kuzmin A.V., Vasilivetsky A.A., Foreign gold mining companies in Russia. Mineral Resources of Russia, magazine, 2007, No. 2, pp. 50-57.

13. Kochetkov A.Ya. Change of leader among the gold-mining regions of Russia, Mineral Resources of Russia, magazine, 2004, No. 4, pp. 65-71.

14. Krivtsov A.I., Benevolsky B.L., Minakov V.M. National mineral security (introduction to the problem). - M.: TsNIGRI, 2000.

15. Krivtsov A.I. Mineral resource base at the turn of the century - retrospective and forecasts. Ed. 2nd, supplemented. - M.: JSC "Geoinformmark". 1999. - 144 p.

16. Kuzmin A.V. Russian gold mining industry - consolidation processes. Mineral Resources of Russia, magazine, 2004, No. 4, pp. 58-64.

17. Laverov N.P., Kontorovich A.E. Fuel and energy resources and Russia's exit from the crisis. J. Economic strategies. - 1999. No. 2.

18. Laverov N.P., Trubetskoy K.I. Mining sciences in the system of earth sciences // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. T. 66. -- 1996. -- No. 5.

19. Lazarev V.N. On the reproduction of the mineral resource base of non-ferrous and alloying metals // Mineral Resources of Russia. Economics and management. - 2001. - No. 3. - P. 52-60

20. Lazarev V.N. On the long-term forecast for the development of the copper raw material base. No. 2, Mineral resources of Russia. 2007 p.6-12

21. Mashkovtsev G.A. Uranium reserves and production: status and prospects // Ores and metals. --2001. --No. 1. 256

22.Melnikov N.N., Busyrev V.N. The concept of resource-balanced development of the mineral resource base. //Mineral resources of Russia. Economics and management - 2005-No. 2 - p.58-63.

23. Mineral resources of the world. - M.: IAC "Mineral", 2004.

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1.3. Raw material base of the building materials industry

Raw materials - initial substances or mixtures of several components (raw mixtures), which are processed to obtain products.

The building materials industry obtains raw materials from 3 main sources:

Inorganic natural raw materials (the vast majority) are extracted from the bowels of the earth or its surface alluvial layers: rocks;

Organic natural raw materials - substances containing hydrocarbons or carbohydrates and their derivatives: various coals, wood, peat, plant matter, oil, gas;

Waste and industrial by-products generated in huge quantities, but used in Russia so far are extremely insufficient. At the same time, it has been established that the use of industrial waste would cover up to 40% of Russia’s construction needs for raw materials, reduce the costs of producing building materials by 10-30% and significantly reduce anthropogenic loads on the environment.

The following types of industrial waste are used for the production of building materials: slag from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, ashes and slag from thermal power plants, overburden rocks, waste from coal mining and coal preparation, waste from the chemical industry, waste from wood and forest chemicals, waste from the building materials industry itself, etc.

It should be noted that the construction materials industry is the only industry that is capable of processing these large-tonnage wastes and creating effective materials based on them. This is the path to creating low-waste and waste-free industries.

Chapter 2. Basic properties of building materials

2.1. Relationship between the composition, structure and properties of building materials

Structure and properties. The properties of a material largely depend on the characteristics of its structure. The structure of the material is studied at three levels:

macrostructure - structure visible to the naked eye,

microstructure - structure visible under an optical microscope;

the internal structure of the substances that make up the material - structure at the molecular-ionic level.

The macrostructure of building materials is of the following types:

Conglomerate (for example, concrete of various types);

Cellular (foam and aerated concrete, cellular plastics);

Fine-porous (specially porous ceramic materials);

Fibrous (wood, mineral wool, fiberglass);

Laminated (plastics with layered filler and other roll, sheet, plate materials);

Loose-grained (powdery - various backfills, concrete fillers, etc.).

Conglomerates– materials that are tightly connected (usually with the help of some kind of cementing substance) individual grains. For example, in concrete, grains of sand and coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel) are firmly joined into a single whole using a binder - cement.

According to modern concepts, most traditional building materials can be classified as so-called composites. Composites(composite materials) – materials with an organized structure. In composites there is a component that forms a continuous phase called matrix and playing the role of a binder, and the second component, discretely distributed in the matrix, - strengthening component. Polymer and mineral binders are used as a matrix in building composites, and fibrous (fiberglass, pieces of metal wire, asbestos fiber, etc.), sheet (paper, wood veneer, fabric) materials, and fine powder particles are used as a reinforcing component.

The matrix “forces” the discrete component to work as a single whole, providing high strength to the material. In composite materials, a set of properties is achieved that is not a simple sum of the properties of the original components; a new quality of the material arises (“synergetic effect”).

Materials with a fibrous and layered macrostructure have different properties in different directions, that is, they have anisotropy properties. An example of an anisotropic material with a fibrous structure is wood, which has different strength, thermal conductivity, shrinkage, and swelling along and across the fibers.

The microstructure of the substance that makes up the material can be crystalline And amorphous. Often the same substance can exist in both forms, for example, crystalline quartz and various types of amorphous silica in the form of volcanic glass, opal mineral, etc.

In crystalline substances, molecules, atoms or ions are arranged in an orderly manner, forming a so-called crystal lattice. A feature of crystalline substances is a certain melting point and geometric shape of the crystals, characteristic only of this substance. Amorphous substances are characterized by a random arrangement of particles. Possessing unspent internal crystallization energy, amorphous substances are chemically more active than crystalline substances of the same composition. The amorphous form of a substance can transform into a more stable crystalline form.

The internal structure of the substances that make up the material determines the strength, hardness, refractoriness and other important properties of the material. The crystalline substances that make up the building material differ in the nature of the connection between the particles that form the spatial crystal lattice. Covalent bond carried out by an electron pair when there are atoms in the “nodes” of the crystal lattice. These are simple substances (diamond, graphite) and some compounds of two elements (quartz, carborundum, carbides, nitrides). Materials with such a bond are characterized by high mechanical strength, hardness, and refractoriness.

Materials with ionic bond(there are ions in the “nodes” of the crystal lattice) have low strength and hardness, and, as a rule, are not water-resistant (gypsum, anhydrite). In relatively complex crystals, such as CaCO 3, both covalent and ionic bonds occur. Inside the complex CO 3 2- ion there is a covalent bond, and with Ca 2+ ions it is ionic, so calcite has high strength but low hardness.

Crystals of substances with molecular bond built from whole molecules that are held near each other by weak van der Waals forces of intermolecular attraction (for example, ice, some gases). When heated, the bonds between molecules are easily broken.

Metal connection occurs in metal crystals and gives them specific properties: high electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability, ductility, metallic luster. Malleability and ductility are explained by the lack of rigidity in the crystalline lattices of metals; their planes move quite easily one relative to the other. Electrical and thermal conductivity are due to the high mobility and large “freedom” of electrons in the spatial structure of metals.

Composition and properties . Building materials are characterized by chemical, mineral, material and phase compositions. Sometimes it is used to characterize a material elemental (elementary) composition, showing which chemical elements and in what quantities are included in the material. For example, the elemental composition of bitumen varies within the following range: C - 70-80%, H - 10-15%, S - 2-9%, O - 1-5%, N - 0-2%.

Chemical composition allows us to judge a number of properties of the material: mechanical, biostability, fire resistance and others. It is usually expressed as a percentage of oxides, for example, Portland cement clinker includes CaO - 63-66%, SiO 2 - 21-24%, Al 2 O 3 - 4-8%, Fe 2 O 3 - 2-4%.

Mineral composition shows which minerals and in what quantities are included in the stone material or binder. For example, in Portland cement clinker the content of the main mineral - tricalcium silicate 3CaOSiO 2 is 45-60%, and with a larger amount, hardening is accelerated and the strength of the cement stone increases.

For building materials, which are a mixture of various substances, the properties largely depend on the percentage of these components, that is, on material composition material. Thus, for Portland cement, the material composition is characterized by the percentage of clinker, natural gypsum, as well as the type and amount of active mineral or organic additives.

Phase composition shows the relationship between solid, liquid and gaseous phases. The solid phase is the substances that form the “framework” of the material, the liquid and gaseous phase are water and air, respectively, filling the pores of the material. When water freezes in the pores of a material, the phase composition changes and ice forms, which changes the properties of the material. An increase in the volume of water freezing in the pores causes internal stresses that can destroy the material during repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

The main sources of large-tonnage waste are: mining, metallurgical, chemical, forestry and woodworking, textile industries; energy complex; construction materials industry; agro-industrial complex; everyday human activities.

Of the sectors of material production capable of consuming industrial (man-made) waste, the most capacious is the building materials industry. Industrial waste or industrial by-products are secondary material resources. Many wastes are similar in composition and properties to natural raw materials.

All man-made waste can be divided into two large groups: mineral and organic. Mineral waste is of predominant importance: there is more of it, it is better studied and is of greatest importance for the production of building materials.

Depending on the predominant chemical compounds, mineral waste is divided into silicate, carbonate, lime, gypsum, ferruginous, zinc-containing, alkali-containing, etc. The greatest practical applicability is the classification of waste according to the industries that generate it and the classification for individual types of waste.

Ferrous metallurgy slags- a by-product during the smelting of pig iron and iron ores (blast furnace, open hearth, ferromanganese). The slag yield is very high and ranges from 0.4 to 0.65 tons per 1 ton of cast iron. They include up to 30 different chemical elements, mainly in the form of oxides. Main oxides: SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, MgO. FeO, MnO, P2O5, T i O 2 are present in smaller quantities. The composition of the slag depends on the composition of the gangue coke and determines the features of the use of the slag.

75% of the total amount of blast furnace slag is used in the production of building materials. The main consumer is the cement industry. Every year it consumes millions of tons of granular blast furnace slag. Granulation consists of rapid cooling of the slag melt, as a result of which the slag acquires a glassy structure and, accordingly, high activity

Steelmaking (open hearth) slags are used to a lesser extent. Difficulties in their use are associated with heterogeneity, variability of chemical and mineralogical composition and physical and mechanical properties.

Non-ferrous metallurgy slags extremely diverse in composition. The most promising direction for their use is complex processing: preliminary extraction of non-ferrous and rare metals from slag; iron secretion; use of silicate slag residue for the production of building materials.

When producing non-ferrous metals using so-called “wet” technologies, it is not slags that are formed, but sludges (literal translation from German is “dirt”). This is the general name for suspension sediments obtained in metallurgical and chemical industries as a result of processes carried out by hydrochemical methods. For example, a by-product of aluminum production is bauxite sludge, a loose, red-colored granular material. When producing alumina from nepheline raw materials, nepheline sludge is formed as a by-product. Otherwise it is called belite sludge, since it mainly consists of small crystals of the mineral belite. If alumina is produced from high-aluminate clays, kaolin sludge, etc., is formed as a by-product. All these sludges are mainly used in cement production.

Ashes and slags of thermal power plants (TPP)- mineral residue from combustion solid fuel. One medium-power thermal power plant annually discharges up to 1 million tons of ash and slag into dumps, and thermal power plants burning polyash fuel - up to 5 million tons. chemical composition fuel ashes and slags consist of SiO 2, AI 2 O 3, CaO, MgO, etc., and also contain unburned fuel. Fuel ashes and slags are used at only 3-4% of their annual output.

Ashes and slag from thermal power plants can be used in the production of almost all building materials and products. For example, the introduction of 100-200 kg of active ash (fly ash) per 1 m 3 of concrete makes it possible to save up to 100 kg of cement. Slag sand is suitable for replacing natural sand, and slag crushed stone is suitable as a coarse aggregate. Mining waste. Overburden- mining waste, waste from the extraction of various minerals. A particularly large amount of this waste is generated during mining open method. According to rough estimates, over 3 billion tons of waste are generated annually in the country, which is an inexhaustible source of raw materials for the building materials industry. However, currently they are used only at 6-7%. Overburden and waste rocks are used depending on their composition (carbonate, clayey, marly, sandy, etc.).

Overburden is not the only waste from the mining industry. A large amount of waste rock rises to the surface of the earth, is crushed and sent to dumps in the form of tailings. Mining and processing plants dump large amounts of flotation tailings into dumps, which are formed in particular during the processing of non-ferrous metal ores. Waste from coal mining and coal preparation is generated at coal preparation factories. Coal mining waste is characterized by a constant composition, which distinguishes it favorably from other types of mineral waste.

Associated rocks and waste from industrial processing of ore minerals differ in genesis, mineral composition, structure and texture from traditionally used building materials. This is explained by the significant difference in the depths of quarries for the extraction of raw materials for the construction industry (20-50 m) compared to modern development of ore deposits (350-500 m).

Gypsum waste from the chemical industry is a product containing calcium sulfate in one form or another. Scientific research showed the full replaceability of traditional gypsum raw materials with waste from the chemical industry.

Phosphogypsum- waste during production phosphate fertilizers from apatites and phosphorites. It is CaSO 4 -2H 2 O with admixtures of undecomposed apatite (or phosphorite) and unwashed phosphoric acid.

Fluorogypsum(acid fluoride) is a by-product in the production of hydrofluoric acid, anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, and fluoride salts. In composition it is CaSC>4 with admixtures of the original undecomposed fluorite. It may also contain unwashed sulfuric acid.

Titanogypsum- waste from sulfuric acid decomposition of titanium-containing ores. Borogypsum- production waste boric acid. Suyay-fogypsum obtained by capturing sulfuric anhydride from the flue gases of thermal power plants.

Electrothermophosphorus slag is a waste product from the production of phosphoric acid produced by the electrothermal method. IN granular form contain 95-98% glass. The main oxides included in their composition are SiO 2 and CaO. They are valuable raw materials in the production of binders.

Wood processing and forest chemical waste. Currently, in our country, only 1/6 of wood waste is used in the pulp and paper industry and the building materials industry.

Bark, stumps, tops, branches, twigs, as well as woodworking waste - shavings, chips, sawdust - are practically not used.

Pulp and paper industry waste - sludge waste water and other industrial sludges. Osprey- a product resulting from mechanical wastewater treatment. These are coarse impurities, consisting mainly of cellulose fibers and kaolin particles. Activated sludge- product biological treatment wastewater in the form of colloids and molecules.

Waste from the construction materials industry. When producing cement clinker, up to 30% of the volume of the fired product is carried away with flue gases from the kilns in the form of dust. This dust can be returned to production, and can also be used for soil deoxidation and in the production of binders.

Broken bricks, old and defective concrete are used as artificial crushed stone. Concrete scrap is waste from prefabricated concrete and demolition enterprises. Huge volumes of reconstruction of housing stock, industrial enterprises, transport facilities, roads, etc. pose an important scientific and technical problem for the processing of waste concrete and reinforced concrete. Various technologies for the destruction of building structures have been developed, as well as special equipment for processing substandard concrete and reinforced concrete.

Other waste and secondary resources - waste and broken glass, waste paper, rags, crumb rubber, waste and by-products from the production of polymer materials, by-products from the petrochemical industry, etc.

Work programs in the field of construction require for their implementation, along with further development building materials industry, finding new reserves for increasing the efficiency of their production. In modern construction, the need for high-strength building materials, which have a developed raw material base and are manufactured using advanced technological methods, is sharply increasing.

In the technology of building materials, there are works that show the technical feasibility and economic feasibility of producing cementless binders. Mineral raw materials for production are large-tonnage waste from metallurgical, thermal power, mining, chemical and other industries.

Based on these binders, it is possible to produce various building materials, such as: dry building mixtures, concrete blocks and slabs, concrete for monolithic construction, brick, paving slabs etc.

The experimental introduction of cement-free binders in construction began in 1958, and production in 1964. During this time, the high technological and operational properties of such building materials, which have stood the test of time in structures, have been proven various areas construction. For example, in 1989 a 22-story building was built in the city of Lipetsk.

The development of building materials based on the integrated use of large-scale industrial waste is determined, first of all, by environmental and economic factors. Firstly, a significant increase in prices for cements, natural aggregates, energy resources and, secondly, the aggravation of the environmental situation in the country as a result of the continued increase, formation and accumulation of industrial waste.

Minimizing the environmental consequences of industrial waste can only be achieved by its complete recycling. Therefore, many developed countries have taken the path of using not natural, but man-made materials as mineral raw materials and manufacturing fundamentally new types of high-quality products from them. Russia, in this regard, is significantly inferior. For example, ash and slag waste from thermal power plants is used only by 8%, steel and ferroalloy slag by 50%, ultrafine silica, which is a waste from the production of silicon-containing alloys, by 10%, and waste from the mining industry by 27%. Research shows that the widespread use of industrial waste would expand the mineral resource base of the construction industry by 15-20%.

The chemical and mineralogical composition of the listed wastes, for the most part, is ideal for the production of cementless binders. In addition, their distinctive feature is the ability to be chemically activated by substances, which in turn can also be waste from other industries.

Industrial waste must be viewed not as traditional industrial landfills, but as a stable and renewable raw material base for the production of high-quality, cheap building materials.

Features of building materials technology are as follows:

-use of industrial waste;
- use of chemical hardening activators from local waste;
-simple hydrothermal treatment at atmospheric pressure;
-technology allows the production of volume-colored building materials.

The main stages and directions of development of the building materials industry. IN Russian Federation over the past few years, it has been possible to achieve a constant increase in the volume of industrial products, but, although the annual increase in the output of building materials averaged about 10%, the achieved volumes do not fully satisfy the needs of modern construction, which is caused mainly by the low technical level of enterprises and the wear and tear of technological equipment equipment.

The production of certain types of building materials is characterized by high capital intensity of production facilities and requires significant time for construction, which reduces their investment attractiveness.

In the basic industry for construction - the cement industry, the volume of investment per 1 ton of cement will increase from 5-6 dollars per ton of capacity per year when maintaining and repairing existing facilities to 250-300 dollars per ton when building new plants.

The degree of wear and tear of technological equipment in the cement industry is 70%. As a result, the capacity of the 45 operating cement plants is officially estimated at 71.2 million tons, but in fact - according to independent estimates - the plants in their current state can produce a maximum of 65 million tons of cement per year.

To provide the construction complex with cement sufficient to commission 80 million sq.m. housing per year, the industry should reach the level of 90 million tons of cement per year in 2010, which will require the introduction of additional production capacity. Large one-time capital investments in total for the industry are estimated at 5.1 - 6.3 billion dollars.

Production of thermal insulation materials. Currently, the domestic industry produces about 9.0 million cubic meters. m of thermal insulation products of all types.

The main type of insulation produced in Russia is mineral wool products, the share of which in total production is more than 65%. About 8% comes from glass wool materials, 20% from foam plastics, 3% from cellular concrete.

The need for insulation materials has increased sharply after the introduction of new requirements for heat loss of building envelopes. The total need for insulation materials for all sectors of the country's economy is estimated to be up to 50-55 million m3 by 2010, including for housing construction- 18-20 million m3.

The Central, North Caucasus, Ural, Volga, West Siberian, Volga-Vyatka, North-Western, and Far Eastern regions are best supplied with raw materials for the production of building materials. However, in many regions, the most important deposits of raw materials often do not coincide with the centers of their mass consumption. This necessitated the need for long-distance mass transportation of cheap and generally poorly transportable industry products.

The production facilities of the construction complex are distributed extremely unevenly. There is a gap between the Central region of Russia and the regions of Siberia, Far East. The reasons for this gap are the harsh climatic conditions in Siberia, which make it difficult to develop this territory; great geographical distance from the central regions; insufficient transport equipment. All this complicates the development of the construction complex, which is necessary here, since Siberia has enormous oil and gas potential, which determines economic policy districtRegional economics: Textbook for universities / T.G. Morozova, M.P. Pobedina, G. B. Polyak and others; Ed. prof. T.G. Morozova. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITY, 2002. - 472 pp..

A high concentration of production in the building materials industry is observed in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth, Ural, and North Caucasus regions.

The Ural region, which is older in terms of mining, has an established construction complex, which mainly consists of the production of wall materials and reinforced concrete structures.

Large in territory, well supplied natural resources The North Caucasus and Volga regions have a highly developed structure of the construction complex. Issued here reinforced concrete structures, building materials, cement industry operates Kerashev M.A., Vetrov A.P. Economic geography and regional studies: Textbook. - Krasnodar: North Caucasus, 2002. - 178 p..

In the central part of the European territory there are three economic regions - Central, Central Black Earth and Volga-Vyatka, where a third of the country's population lives. They are historically developed areas, and the construction complex is no exception in this sense.

Production of thermal insulation materials. The solution to energy supply problems cannot be achieved without the use of highly efficient thermal insulation materials. Despite the fact that in recent years Considerable attention is being paid to expanding the range and improving the quality of thermal insulation materials; there is a shortage of them in the construction market. Currently, the domestic industry produces about 9.0 million cubic meters. m of thermal insulation products of all types and about 0.7 million cubic meters. m exported1. Economic geography of Russia: Textbook - Ed. reworked and additional / Under general ed.. acad. V.I. Vidyapina. - M.: INFRA - M, Russian Economic Academy, 2009. - 568 p. - (Higher education)..

The classification of thermal insulation materials is as follows: - materials based on mineral fibers and glass fibers; - construction foam plastics; - heat-insulating concrete; - other materials (based on perlite, vermiculite, etc.).

The structure of production volumes of insulation materials in Russia is close to the structure that has developed in the leading countries of the world, where fiber insulation materials also occupy 60-80 percent of the total production of thermal insulation materials.

The distribution of insulation production volumes across the country is characterized by significant unevenness. A number of large regions, such as Arkhangelsk, Kaluga, Kostroma, Oryol, Kirov, Astrakhan, Penza, Kurgan and other regions, the Republic of Mari El, the Chuvash Republic, Kalmykia, Adygea, Karelia, Buryatia and others, do not have their own production of effective thermal insulation materials . Many regions of the country produce insulation materials in clearly insufficient quantities.

The North-Western region is relatively prosperous, and the greatest problems with insulation of own production are in the Northern, Volga, North Caucasus and Western Siberian regions.

It should be recognized that the quality and limited range of domestic insulation materials produced by many enterprises of the Russian Federation do not fully meet the needs of housing construction. This allows leading firms Western countries successfully sell your products in Russian marketsRegional economics: Textbook for universities / T.G. Morozova, M.P. Pobedina, G. B. Polyak and others; Ed. prof. T.G. Morozova. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITY, 2002. - 472 pp..

Despite the apparent abundance of fibrous thermal insulation, the volume of production of competitive products that best meet the requirements of modern construction is insufficient. Basically, such products are produced by enterprises equipped with imported equipment.

The most common way for all factories in the country to bring the production of fiber insulation to a new qualitative level is to transfer the process of obtaining fiber from blast furnace slag to mineral raw materials with the introduction modern methods processing the melt into fiberKistanov V.V., Kopylov N.V. Regional economics of Russia: Textbook. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003. - 584 p.: ill..

Production of wall materials. In recent years, Russia has been experiencing dynamic development housing construction, which requires expanding the range of production of wall materials, increasing their efficiency in terms of heat conservation, reducing costs and the ability to use local raw materials in their production.

For the production of small-piece wall products, local widespread raw materials and components are used - clay, quartz sand, ash, slag, waste from the extraction and enrichment of solid fuels, ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, etc. For the production of cellular concrete blocks, cement, lime and sand.

The raw material base for the development of the production of wall materials is available in almost any region of the country. Significant reserves of raw materials provide the opportunity to increase production output in regions where there remains a shortage of wall materials.

In recent years, there has been a steady trend of increasing demand for small cellular concrete blocks and ceramic wall products. Among the product range of ceramic brick factories, facing bricks are in particularly constant high demand.

Currently, scientific and technological progress in the production of wall materials is based on modern domestic research and development. Technologies and equipment for the production of semi-dry pressed ceramic facing bricks, small wall blocks from foam concrete and expanded polystyrene concrete correspond to the world level. The consumer is offered a full range of services, including equipment installation and commissioning.

Prospects for market development depend on the pace of construction, primarily on housing.

The emerging trends in the stabilization of the economic situation in the country and the growth of incomes of the population predetermine a further increase in the volume of housing, including individual construction. Kistanov V.V., Kopylov N.V. Regional economics of Russia: Textbook. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003. - 584 p.: ill..

The volume of import supplies, obviously, will not increase, since the domestic products already produced meet the level of world standards at a lower price compared to foreign ones.

Development of large-panel housing construction. Currently, the share of large-panel housing has increased to 30 percent. This indicates the demand for modernized energy-efficient large-panel houses and their competitiveness in terms of price-quality in large settlements, where it was possible to preserve and carry out the necessary reconstruction of the industrial construction base.

The transition of large-panel house-building enterprises to the production of wide-frame houses based on the processing of standard series has almost been completed. At the same time, most enterprises in the construction industry are mastering the production of products for buildings of combined architectural and construction systems, focused both on the production of new types of structures and on the rational use of prefabricated housing construction products. At the same time, they organized the production of materials and products for low-rise and individual construction using local raw materials1. Economic geography of Russia: Textbook - Ed. reworked and additional / Under the general editorship. acad. V.I. Vidyapina. - M.: INFRA - M, Russian Economic Academy, 2009. - 568 p. - (Higher education)..

Monolithic and prefabricated monolithic construction of buildings for various purposes is developing mainly in large cities, and the volume of such construction has reached 5 percent. It is carried out using new types of lightweight concrete, both removable and permanent formwork.

The mining sub-sector of the building materials industry is one of the largest in terms of production volumes and the number of developed deposits in the Russian Federation. The state balance of mineral reserves takes into account about 8 thousand deposits of 34 types of minerals, the reserves of which have been explored as raw materials for the production of building materials. In addition, deposits of certain types of raw materials explored for other purposes are used, as well as raw materials from a number of technogenic deposits.

The volume of mineral extraction for the production of building materials has decreased significantly in recent years.

Russia continues to import crushed stone from durable igneous rocks from the CIS countries (Ukraine and Belarus). There is an unjustified passion for granite crushed stone. In some cases, for prefabricated reinforced concrete, road construction and railway ballasting. It is advisable to use crushed stone from carbonate rocks and gravel, the cost of which is approximately 2 times lower. This possibility is confirmed by the experience of developed countries.

The technical level of the industry's equipment lags behind the world's, and the degree of automation of production processes is low. There is a constant shortage of equipment in the industry; a number of advanced machines and equipment are not produced in our country.

Enterprises do not have the funds to purchase new equipment, create new production lines, or replace failed capital equipment, although its wear and tear is at the level of 70-80 percent.

Mechanical loosening of rocks is not used, although several types of special equipment have been created that can mine rocks without blasting.

Cement production. The cement industry in Russia is a basic branch of the construction complex, on which the state and development of the country's economy as a whole depends, solving problems of reproductive processes, social issues, in particular, the construction of housing, healthcare, education and culture facilities.

The largest enterprises are located in the Central Black Earth (Belgorod, Stary Oskol) region, in the Volga region (Volsk, Mikhailovka, Shtulevsk), in Siberia (Novokuznetsk, Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk) Regional economics: Textbook for universities / T.G. Morozova, M.P. Pobedina, G. B. Polyak and others; Ed. prof. T.G. Morozova. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITY, 2002. - 472 pp..

Used to produce cement different types raw materials - limestone, chalk, marls, waste from blast furnace and alumina production. Their reserves are available in almost all regions of the country. The quality of raw materials and methods of firing them determine the production of various types and brands of cement. To obtain it, a significant amount of fuel is consumed.

The geography of the cement industry largely coincides with the geography of construction and installation work. Currently, cement is produced in all economic regions.

The main cement production areas - Central, Ural and Volga - work on natural mineral construction raw materials. In the Urals, the cement industry widely uses waste from ferrous metallurgy.

All regions are provided with raw materials for the production of binding materials. Gypsum deposits are widespread, especially in the Central region. Clay reserves for the production of ceramic products are concentrated in Siberia, in the Central, Central Black Earth regions, and refractory clay - in the Ural region. Everywhere there are raw materials for the production of the most common concrete aggregates - crushed stone, gravel, sand.

The depreciation of fixed assets in the main type of activity of cement enterprises in Russia, according to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, is constantly growing. The production capacity of existing cement enterprises has decreased due to wear and tear of furnace and grinding equipment. Seventeen million tons of capacity were lost mainly as a result of falling demand for cement. Kistanov V.V., Kopylov N.V. Regional economics of Russia: Textbook. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003. - 584 p.: ill..

There are 18 unprofitable cement enterprises operating in the sub-industry; the amount of receivables and payables, including overdue ones, is large.

The cost and selling price of cement are rising, production profitability is on average 10.1 percent, which is clearly not enough to accumulate the funds necessary to update technology and introduce new modern equipment.

One of the important tools for improving the quality of cement and its competitiveness is standardization and certification of products.

Glass industry. In terms of its location, the glass industry differs from other branches of the building materials industry. It is much more dependent on deposits of pure quartz sand, depends on the supply of a number of chemicals, requires a large amount of fuel, and transportability finished products industry is significantly smaller than in other sectors of the building materials industry. The structure of the glass industry includes the production of sheet (window), polished, table glass, and glass for fiberglass. Along with multi-industry enterprises, the industry has developed specialized factories for the production of certain types of products.

The glass industry is characterized by a relatively high territorial concentration of production. The leading region in Russia is Central (Gus-Khrustalny, Bryansk), where about 50% of the country's glass is produced. In Povolzhsky, Northwestern regions More than 20% of the industry's output is produced. Many regions, for example Volga-Vyatka, are experiencing a shortage of glass industry products.

Precast concrete industry. This is a relatively new branch of the construction industry. Its products are used in capital construction, so it originated and continues to develop in areas and centers of concentrated construction. The most important regions where the precast reinforced concrete industry is developed are Central, Volga, Northwestern, and Ural. They account for 75% of all production1. Economic geography of Russia: Textbook - Ed. reworked and additional / Under the general editorship. acad. V.I. Vidyapina. - M.: INFRA - M, Russian Economic Academy, 2009. - 568 p. - (Higher education)..

Prefabricated reinforced concrete products are widely used in modern housing, civil, industrial and transport construction.

Crisis phenomena in economic development in recent years have led to a reduction in the volume of capital investments, compression domestic market equipment, construction materials, contract work.

Business entities forming the construction complex find themselves in an extremely difficult situation.

The transition in recent years to a more stringent financial and monetary policy, including control of the budget deficit, has led to a certain extent to an increase in the amount of non-payments in the construction sector1. Economic geography of Russia: Textbook - Ed. reworked and additional / Under the general editorship. acad. V.I. Vidyapina. - M.: INFRA - M, Russian Economic Academy, 2009. - 568 p. - (Higher education)..

Construction organizations lack new construction machines and mechanisms.

Natural building materials and raw materials for their production. Construction complex Mineral raw materials for building materials

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