Vertical layout project. What is this?
Vertical planning is the process of creating new relief by transforming existing natural relief.
In the event that the existing relief on the site of the future facility does not meet the requirements of the horizontal planning project, the relief must be changed and brought into compliance with the project. For these purposes, a vertical layout project is being drawn up. It should ensure convenient movement along the paths, organize proper drainage of atmospheric water and enhance the perspective effect of the site’s landscape.
In practice, the following most common vertical planning methods are usually used: a) method of design contours; b) profile method; c) combined method of profiles and design contours.
The profile method is the simplest. The method of design contours, consisting 
in drawing a new relief onto the plan by depicting it with new design contours, although it is not difficult and time-consuming, it requires significant practical experience.
The profile method consists of drawing a grid of lines onto the site plan that determine the direction of the profiles. In this case, they strive to ensure that the grid lines run along the axes or trays of the main paths and the main axis of the object. The distance between the profiles is taken depending on the topography and the desired accuracy in determining design elevations and calculating the volume of excavation work. When constructing gardens and parks, this distance is taken to be 5-30 m. It is desirable that the distance between the profile grid lines be the same, but deviation from this position is also possible. Profiles are drawn up in all directions outlined by the grid on the plan.
The basis for applying existing (black) marks to the profile are 
leveling data or horizontal lines, according to which existing profiles are compiled. As a result of the design, the position of the design (red) marks is determined on the profiles. They are mutually linked at the points of intersection of the profiles. The result is a grid of squares with marks characterizing the future relief. Intermediate elevations within the grid are determined by interpolation.
Relief improvement work should be carried out with the least movement of earth masses. In this case, one should strive to ensure that the volume of excavated soil is approximately equal to the volume of poured soil (excavation balance).
In gardens and parks, in most cases it is possible to preserve the existing topography or make only minor changes to it. For example, you can limit yourself to only leveling platforms, stalls, and paths. In these cases, the mesh 
profiles do not lay out the entire garden, but only its individual parts, which are also solved using the method of profiles built on the edges or axes of areas, paths, etc.
For pedestrian paths, the minimum longitudinal slope (for water drainage) must be at least 0.001, and the maximum - 0.25-0.26 (15 0). If the slope exceeds this value, then the installation of stairs is necessary. Only on very short sections of secondary paths can a large slope be allowed, solved in the form of a ramp. For driveways inside the garden, the maximum slope should be no more than 0.1.
If we are deciding on a separate area of the garden, for example, we are filling only one tennis court, then we need to take into account the volume of filling not only on the area of the court itself, but also on the slopes along its edges, which are necessary in order to move from the level of the new surface of the court to the existing surface of the garden . At 
In this case, if we want the slopes not to be conspicuous, they should be made as flat as possible, for example, 1:10 (0.1). In some cases, slopes can be replaced with retaining walls. Without slopes or retaining walls soil added to more than 20-25 cm will not hold. The same situation applies to those cases when the designed surface tennis court or other site and path should be lowered in comparison with the existing surface of the garden, but in such cases the slopes are not poured, but are created by cutting off the soil between the existing and the designed surface.
The overall balance of earthworks in the garden should include not only the projected balance of excavations and embankments associated with changes in the garden's topography, but also the volume of earth removed from the pits during the construction of paths and platforms. In this regard, when drawing up a vertical planning project, it is necessary to install one or another design of garden paths.
The balance of excavation work also takes into account the volume of soil removed from other pits on the site, for example, under buildings, structures, drainage networks, the volume of barren soil from holes under trees, etc.
The calculation of the volume of excavation work is recorded in the statement in Form 2.
Form 2
Statement of the volume of earthworks
|
Numbers of figures by which areas are calculated |
Working mark or distance between profiles |
Area of the figure on the plan or profile, m2. |
Volume, m 3 |
|||
|
embankments |
recesses |
embankments |
recesses |
embankments |
recesses |
|
Estimate based on working drawings
The total amount of direct costs, overhead costs and planned savings is the estimated cost of construction and installation work.
One of the main parts master planproject of vertical layout of the built-up area. Its goal is to transform natural relief forms and create conditions for the operation of buildings and structures being constructed.
Natural relief during construction is usually transformed by performing earthworks according to a special vertical planning project.
The design relief can be specified in the form of profiles, design contours in combination with design elevations, or only design elevations. The profile method is labor-intensive and therefore rarely used. When performing this calculation and graphic work, the marking method is used. The construction site must be a horizontal surface.
The design of a horizontal site is usually carried out in compliance with the condition of zero balance of earthworks. This condition means reducing excavation work to a minimum and ensuring equal volumes of excavation and backfill.
The basis for designing a vertical layout are topographic plans of scale 1:500-1:5000, drawn up based on the results of leveling the construction site by squares. The planned territory is divided into squares with sides of 10, 20, 40 or 50 m, depending on the complexity of the terrain. The actual heights of the tops of the squares are determined by horizontal lines or using geometric leveling. It is assumed that each square prism is bounded by vertical planes passing through the sides of the squares, a flat base and an inclined top plane. The height of the prism is taken equal to the arithmetic mean of the marks of the corner points of the surface. Then the volume of one prism is equal to (see Fig. 52):
V, (13.1)
Where 
- area of the base of the prism; 
And 
- marks of corner points.
The average elevation of the entire area with known grid corner elevations is calculated based on the following considerations. Corner marks 
squares lying inside the outer contour will be repeated four times during calculations, and their sum is equal to 
(Fig. 61).
Next, the marks are summed up 
vertices of squares located along the contour of the site, with the exception of marks 
-vertices of the corners of the site, and the resulting amount 
double, since these marks are included in two adjacent squares. Finally, the marks are summed up 
corner points of the site.
Average mark 
plot is calculated by the formula:
.
(13.2)
If the site includes an arbitrary, including odd, number of squares (Fig. 62), and the relief of the site should be planned with a horizontal platform, subject to a zero balance of earthworks, the design elevation of such a site is calculated by the formula
Where n-total number of squares; 
-sum of black marks of vertices included in only one square; 
-respectively, the sums of the marks of the vertices common to two, three and four squares.
With a horizontal platform 
is a constant value for the entire area.
The working elevations of all the vertices of the squares are obtained as the difference of the design elevation 
and black marks of the vertices of the squares:
,
(13.4)
at the same time 
with a plus sign will determine the filling, minus-notch.
The volume of excavation work is calculated based on working marks 
vertices of each square. If all four marks have the same sign, the volume of excavation work within a given square is calculated using the formula
V, (13.5)
Where A-side of the square.
If the working marks in a square have different signs, then a line runs through this square zero work- a line with a working mark equal to zero. The zero work lines are the boundary between the areas of backfilling and excavation, i.e. determine the volume of excavation work within each square. To construct a line of zero work on the sides of the squares, find the position of the points of zero work using the formulas (Fig. 63)
;
,
(13.6)
Where 
And 
- distances from the vertices of the square to the point of zero work; A-side of the square; 
And 
-working marks at the ends of the sides of the square. It's obvious that 
.
By finding the points of zero work on different sides of the square and connecting them with segments of straight dotted lines, they obtain a line of zero work (the boundary of the excavation and fill). The volume of excavation work is determined separately for excavation and backfill.
In different conditions, different methods are used: with relatively calm terrain - the method of squares; for more rugged terrain - using the triangular prism method; in very rough terrain - using the cross-section method. Calculation of the volume of excavation work using the square method is carried out for each square or part thereof as the volume of a prism
V
,
(13.7)
Where 
-average value of working marks; S-area of the square (its part).
The volume of soil in a complete square is found by the formula
V
,
(13.8)
Where 
-sum of working marks for the corners of the square; 
-area of the square.
When calculating the volume of earthworks for incomplete squares (squares through which the line of zero work passes), they are divided into triangles and each figure is numbered.
Find the area of each triangle 
and calculate the volume of soil within the triangular prisms using the formula
V
.
(13.9)
Calculate the total volumes of excavation and filling and check the balance of earthworks using the formula
.
(13.10)
This value should not exceed 3%.
If necessary, the solution is adjusted, i.e. the design elevation of the horizontal plane is specified.
Example 1. Develop a project for the vertical layout of the site under the following initial conditions (Fig. 64):
site marks were obtained by leveling by squares;
a horizontal site is designed with an approximate balance of earthworks (Fig. 65);
design ends with the compilation of a cartogram of earth masses.
The dimensions of the squares are taken to be 20 ´ 20 m (with a plan scale of 1:1000).
The sequence of work is as follows:
1. On a sheet of A4 drawing paper (20 x 30 cm), draw a stamp and draw a grid of squares twice (Fig. 64 and 65).
2. At the vertices of the squares (Fig. 64) write down marks according to your option. For example, at the top A 1 is 148.23, at the top A 2-147,64,A 3-147.23, etc.
3. Calculate the design elevation of the horizontal site with an approximate balance of earthworks using formula (13.3). This grid of squares does not have vertex marks that belong to three squares at once, so 
and the design elevation is calculated by the formula
.
4. Write down the resulting design mark in the upper left corner (Fig. 64), calculate the working marks 
and fix them at the vertices of the squares. Yes, at the top A 1 is -0.55, at the top A 2 +0.04, in A 3 +0.45, etc.
5. To develop a cartogram of earthworks (Fig. 65), rewrite the values of the working marks on this drawing, mark the contours of fills and excavations with lines of zero work. The line of zero work is determined by the points of zero work on those sides of the squares, the vertices of which have marks with opposite signs (lines IN 1-G 1,B 2-IN 2, etc.). The position of the point of zero work on the side of the square will be determined by the value 
or 
, calculated according to (13.6).
Lines of zero work are designated by straight segments, the values l written on the side of the square (Fig. 65, on the side IN 1-G 1m; on the side IN 2-G 2m, etc.)
6. Calculate separately for excavations and fills in each square the volume of excavation work (Fig. 65) using the formula
V
,
Where 
-average value of working marks (for incomplete squares, two working marks are equal to zero); 
-the area of a square or part of it, which can be calculated by knowing the lengths of the sides of these figures.
7. Sum up the volumes of embankments and excavations calculated on the cartogram vertically and calculate their total values for the entire site (Fig. 65). Check the balance of excavation work using formula (13.10).
Example 2. Develop a project for the vertical layout of the site in the case of an odd number of squares (Fig. 66).
The composition of the task and the sequence of its implementation are similar to example 1.
Vertex B 4 with mark 
refers to only one square, vertex IN 3 with mark 
-to two squares, B 3 with mark 
-by three, B 2 to four squares.
The design elevation of such a site is calculated using formula (13.3). The sums of vertex marks included in the numerator of this formula are equal to:
Substituting these values into formula (13.3), we obtain the design elevation of the site
To simplify calculations, it is convenient to select the smallest of the four marks of the vertices of the squares, rounded to the nearest decimeter, and perform arithmetic operations with the remaining additions to the corresponding black mark. In this case 
(A 3), and then
m.
Next, find the working marks of each vertex using formula (13.4) and write them down on the site plan and cartogram of the excavation work (Fig. 66 and 67). Yes, for the top A 1 working mark is +0.32, for B 1 it is negative and equal to -0.35, etc.
,
.
After calculating the working marks, the contours of fills and excavations are identified by constructing lines of zero work; the line of zero work is determined by the points of zero work on those sides of the squares, the vertices of which have working marks with opposite signs (line IN 2-IN 3;A 1-B 1, etc.). The position of the zero work points is found using formula (13.6). So, for example, along the line A 2-B 2 at 
m and working marks +0.47 m and -0.25 m (Fig. 68)
m; 
m.Having determined the location of the points of zero work, straight segments of the dotted line indicate the line of zero work on the cartogram (Fig. 68).
The volume of excavation work is calculated using formulas (13.7) - (13.9) separately for excavation and backfill.
So, for a complete square B 1 - IN 1 - IN 2 - B 2 (Fig. 68) using formula (13.8) we obtain
For a transition square B 1 - B 2 - A 2 - A 1 recess volume (Fig. 67, 68)
Volume of bedding:
The resulting volumes of earthworks are written out on the earthworks cartogram (Fig. 67) in the central part of the corresponding sections (full squares or parts thereof). Below the cartogram are the partial values of the volumes of fill and excavations, summed vertically. The total values of the volumes of fills and excavations throughout the entire area are calculated separately; formula (13.10) is used to check the balance of earthworks.
Example 3. Develop a project for the vertical layout of the site in the case of an odd number of squares (Fig. 69).
The composition of the task and the sequence of its implementation are similar to example 1. The difference from example 2 is that incomplete squares are divided into triangles, which makes it easier to calculate the volume of excavation work.
Peaks IN 1,IN 4,B 4,A 3,A 1 refer to only one square; peaks IN 2,IN 3,A 2,B 1-common for two adjacent squares; B 3-common for three squares, B 2-for four, then
Using the formula for the design height of the horizontal area, we obtain
Using formula (13.4) we find the working marks of each vertex (Fig. 69). Thus we obtain the working elevation of the vertex A 1, equal. Similarly, working marks are obtained for all other vertices.
Using formulas (13.6), the position of the points of zero work is found. For example, for the side of a square IN 2-IN 3 at 
m
m; 
m.
The control is the equality of the sum 
And 
distance 
:
m.
Laying down on the drawing from the top IN 2 distance equal to 4.2 m, or from IN 3, a distance equal to 15.8 m (see Fig. 70) gives the point of zero work. Similarly, the points of zero work are found on the remaining sides of the squares. By connecting them with a dash-dotted broken line, the boundary of the excavation and fill is obtained.
Soil volumes in full squares are found using formula (13.8). For example, for square 1 ( IN 1,IN 2,B 2,B 1)
m 
(notch).
When calculating the volume of excavation work for incomplete squares, they are divided into triangles, as shown in Fig. 70, and number each figure.
Find the area of each triangle and calculate the volume of soil within the triangular prisms using formula (13.9). For example, for a figure 2 can be written down
m 
;
m 
(notch).
All calculations are carried out in the statement (Table 7), where the excavation volume is finally obtained V IN and bedding V P .
Since any site has its own relief - it can be either flat or sloping - and you want to equip it, therefore, in any case, a vertical layout of the site is needed here.
By this we mean engineering work to rework the terrain to improve it. And the vertical layout is one of the most important works in the design of territories.
When performing excavation work to transform the relief, you must strive to preserve vegetation as much as possible, and therefore the soil, and fulfill the following requirements:
- When creating a site, you need to take into account that it will be divided into certain zones that will perform different functions. We also need to organize the drainage of rainwater and floods from our site.
- Reduce groundwater levels.
- Rainwater must not be drained through a residential building.
- Completely isolate rain flows in the yard from other drains.
If there are many differences in your territory, then a particularly careful vertical planning of the land plot is required. One of the options for solving this problem is slopes that will connect your site at different levels.
Drainage system The procedure for completing a vertical planning project
- First, alleys, park paths, sites that perform different functions are planned, or in other words, components of the territory that require strict adherence to slopes.
- Design of land plantings - components of the territory that allow different plane slopes.
Vertical planning can be divided into three stages
- A detailed planning scheme for the territory is created and its high-rise frame is built with a height solution, which must be consistent with other marks on the surface of the site. This is necessary for high-quality organization of water flow.
- New horizontal lines are being drawn and a new terrain is being designed.
- A detailed cartogram of earthworks is developed and the exact volume of soil is calculated.
Layout of the site taking into account the difference in ground level The land, its appearance and cleanliness will be much better if the work is planned responsibly.
As landscape designers advise, the terrain is good if it is flat or inclined to the south or east. A tilt to the north should not be allowed.
Vertical planning methods
Often, those who own uneven or sloping areas have problems that prevent planned landscaping projects from being implemented in their area. For this There are specialists you should turn to for help. It is not difficult for them to calculate the vertical layout in order to extract the maximum benefit from any area, even the most complex, and realize your plans.
A building can be erected on a flat landscape. Often, a slight slope is made behind the walls to drain groundwater to the boundaries of the site. To do this, make an embankment of soil in the right place, and then make paths from solid material. Rainwater drainage is provided on both sides.
If the site is inclined to the south, then you should not have problems with landscaping, because vegetation behaves very well in such conditions. Designers recommend placing the house at the highest point and on the eastern side of the site. It is better to place outbuildings at the lowest point of the site.
In case if your site is inclined to the west and east, it is better to place buildings in the north. This arrangement will not interfere with the plants. If you want to have trees, they need to be placed so that the shadow of buildings does not fall on them and does not interfere with growth. If the slope on the site is quite large - 20 degrees or more, this can create difficulties - the water will drain quickly enough and wash out the soil in its path. To do this, you need to qualitatively calculate drainage system. The formation of terraces with walls and the construction of paths with steps and ramps will also help here. Drainage is designed taking into account the features of the relief. Water drains are placed at the bottom of the site.
Plot with a slope If the site is horizontal, then it would be best to add more soil, decorating the sides with tiles, natural stone or brick. If the slopes are high, they need to be strengthened with wooden pegs and concrete mortar.
House construction and vertical layout
If you want to build on your site private house, then you need to find out what the vertical position of the house will be - find out what the height of the floor or plinth will be and what the soil layout will be on the construction plane.
All this is needed in order to:
- it was possible to determine how pits, trenches, pillows and foundations would be located.
- rainwater could be properly drained.
- above-foundation structures were above the snow level.
To solve these problems you need:
- Call a specialist to conduct a geodetic survey of the area to find out changes in elevations on the site, as well as determine the situation with regard to groundwater and the level of soil freezing.
- Make a mound of earth to raise the level of the construction site.
- Determine what the foundation design will be so that it is located higher than the groundwater level.
- Find out what the height of the base will be - the part of the foundation that is above the ground.
- Properly build a blind area, water grooves, and design the terrain well in order to drain rain and melt water.
- In order for groundwater to wash the foundation, proper drainage must be done.
After the surveyor carries out geodetic surveys and surveys, it will be possible to determine and evaluate the deviation of the site surface itself from the horizontal level.
Location of objects on the site Types of sites:
- Almost flat and horizontal;
- A site with a slight slope, and as a result, a difference of a maximum of 0.4 m;
- A site where the height difference is large - from 0.4 m to 1 m;
- A site located on a slope with differences of more than 1 m.
In all of the above cases, it is necessary to raise the soil level by adding soil.
The embankment has the following advantages:
- You can increase the bearing capacity of the soil under the foundation.
- The soil does not freeze so much, that is, soil heaving is reduced, which is therefore beneficial for the foundation.
- It is easier to design the drainage of rain and melt water.
- The dry zone increases.
- Since it was noticed that after building a house, the soil level on the site increases when it is landscaped by bringing in the soil itself, as a result of this the house may end up in a lowland.
- Since in most cases soil remains from the dug pit, it can be placed in an embankment.
If the area is without slope
Usually, if the area is very flat and there is a lot of groundwater, then it is located in a wetland or some kind of lowland. Usually in such cases there is no need for careful planning of rainwater and flood drainage.
Schematic layout of the house, garden and outbuildings In these cases, a shallow or non-buried foundation must be carefully planned and embankment. Its thickness should be from 0.2 to 0.5 m. For this, different soils are used, but they do not contain peat or vegetation. Sand mixtures with layer-by-layer compaction are used in trenches and cushions.
In any case, the embankment has only an advantage and is used not only in marshy areas.
If the site is located on a slope
If the slope at the corners of the site is up to one meter, it is most profitable to level it by filling the soil. The sole must be made at the same level, despite the fact that the foundation is located on a slope.
What to do with a site on a slope (video)
If the difference is 0.3-0.4 m
Soil is dumped horizontally. In this case, the height of the base will be the same throughout the entire plane.
You will save money if on the lower slope the base of the foundation is on the surface, and on the upper part of the site it is, on the contrary, buried.
After the foundation has been cast or built, you can begin filling the embankment.
Landscape formation If the slope is from 0.4-1 m
Horizontal filling is not done, but only reduces the magnitude of the difference. They do it here tape fill foundation on the embankment itself.
At the bottom of the site, the top soil is removed and sandy gravel is poured under the foundation cushion. At the top of the platform, a cushion is made in the trench at the same level. The thickness and width of the sand cushions are based on calculations strip foundation using methodological instructions.
It is undesirable to make the embankment under the foundation more than 0.6 m. Although it is compacted in layers, over time it will still shrink significantly, incompatible with the standards, which will lead to deformation of the building.
On a steep slope with a difference in angles of more than 1 m
In this case, it is most profitable to design a basement. On the walls ground floor drainage needs to be done.
As you can see, if you approach the vertical planning project correctly, this will ensure the durability of the buildings; you can change the relief to suit you, as you need, so that everything looks aesthetically pleasing and is functional.
When arranging the area around a house (country or just private), you need to carefully consider not only the horizontal location of individual elements, but also their vertical relationship. Moreover, even the house itself should be thoroughly thought through, finding out what the height of the basement, first floor, and second (if necessary) should be.
Peculiarities
You can competently “plant” a house and plan the territory if:
- place pits, trenches, permanent foundations and bulk cushions above groundwater;
- organize the removal of rainfall and floods beyond the boundaries of land ownership to a safe distance;
- raise the walls and even the base above the level of snow cover so that they are minimally moistened in winter and early spring.
The vertical planning of the site begins with a geodetic survey of the entire territory. In some cases, it can be replaced by determining the actual height difference. It is imperative to evaluate how high the groundwater level is and how much the soil swells under the influence of frost.
Most often, construction sites increase, filling them completely with an additional layer of soil or creating a local embankment.
To ensure that the foundation is higher than the groundwater, it is worth using options without deepening or with minimal deepening.
But if this requirement contradicts other technical issues (for example, it is necessary to build a very heavy house, or the top layer of soil is prone to movement), you will have to find a compromise and turn to professionals.
Next, you need to make a blind area and install trays to remove surface water. By thinking through the relief, you can divert precipitation and melt water to the side. And effective control of groundwater is carried out with the help of deep drainages.
You are unlikely to carry out geodetic surveys on your own; you will need the help of specialists. But you can determine the height differences in general on the construction site and in the corners of the future foundation yourself. You can use not only levels, but also laser or hydraulic levels.
Always ensure that the project contains accurate information about the type of soil and its suitability for construction, the level of groundwater and the severity of frosty uplift of the ground. Based on all this data, a conclusion is drawn about how strongly the surface deviates from the ideal horizontal.
No matter how large the slope, it is worth using an embankment because it helps increase the load capacity of the house and outbuildings.
The construction of buildings on top of embankments is also attractive due to the reduction of freezing layers and the reduction of the negative impact of soil movements on the foundation under the influence of cold. At the same time, the evacuation of rain and melt water from the construction site is improved, all necessary work can be performed in as dry conditions as possible.
Ideally, all the earth removed at the initial stage of construction is used on site, and there is no need to transport it somewhere or search for it. alternative ways applications.
Flat area
The vertical layout of the land plot is especially important in this case. As practice shows, the flattest areas are located in the lowlands, and as a result high level groundwater and constant accumulation of runoff, they quickly become swampy.
The way out of the situation is a low embankment - 20-50 cm, to create which you can use all soils without organic particles. Be sure to form a cushion of sand and gravel, compacting it layer by layer.
Plot with a slope
When the height difference within the future foundation is no more than 100 cm, it is advisable to make fills for leveling, while the soles of all parts of the base should be on the same horizontal line with a slight deviation.
If the slope is less than 0.41 m, it is necessary to level the entire site to a horizontal level, and the above-ground portion of the plinths is strictly at the same height along its entire length.
Important: it is most economical, both in material terms and in terms of labor costs, to create external embankments only after the foundation is ready for work.
When natural soil has a height difference of more than 40, but less than 100 cm, there is no need to pour new portions of soil into the horizon. It is much better to limit ourselves to artificially lowering these irregularities.
For example, on the lower section of the slope a strip-type foundation is formed, and the base is raised above the natural soil using an embankment. On the elevated part of the slopes, a trench is dug into which the cushion is poured at a strictly uniform level. An accurate calculation will help you find out its necessary parameters.
Blind area
A blind area is the best way to remove water both from the walls of the house and from the site as a whole, directing it to the surface drainage complex. The minimum addition of soil to create a blind area cannot be less than 10 cm. Designers should take into account that due to the daily activities of people, the soil will begin to rise, and for the entire planned period of operation of the building, the blind area should exceed the surrounding area.
The minimum width of the coating is 80 cm, and it is necessary to cover the openings of pits and trenches using soil permeable to water (sand). Suitable material for the top layer - monolithic concrete, and the slope in the direction of the plinth must be 50 mm or more per 1 m of the blind area.
This structure can also be created on top of heaving soil, but then it is necessary to move from a continuous tape to sections 150-250 cm in length in order to dampen possible uneven soil movements.
Drainage
A tray is placed along the contours of the blind area, starting from the upland part of the building. These trays are capable of directing precipitation flowing from roofs into the right direction if they are placed on other sides of the building. It is not difficult to prevent problems caused by overwater: you will need to lay a pipe that crosses the slope so that it is lower than the base of the base.
Vertical layout diagram
But it's all clean practical recommendations, but you still need to figure out how to make a vertical layout diagram of the site so that builders can understand it. Let's say you want to monitor the execution of the work or understand whether the designers did everything correctly. Marks are placed on the geobase showing the location of individual objects, and the design surface is determined using red lines.
Principles of designing the relief of a city territory
(Vertical layout)
Vertical planning of the territory is carried out with the aim of changing the existing terrain to improve the conditions for building sites, ensuring surface drainage and laying gravity sewer networks, as well as organizing convenient and safe movement of vehicles and pedestrians.
Vertical planning is carried out when designing buildings and structures, including in the process of restoration of architectural monuments. The security of an object from adverse environmental conditions largely depends on the quality of the vertical layout.
When designing a vertical layout, it is necessary to strive to obtain a zero balance of earthworks: the volumes of embankments must be equal to the volumes of excavation, since earthworks are associated with significant costs and changes in natural conditions.
When developing vertical planning projects, one must strive to preserve the existing natural terrain, green spaces and soil cover to the maximum possible extent. In this regard, vertical planning is provided, as a rule, on land plots occupied by buildings, structures, streets, roads and squares. A continuous vertical layout can be used in the territories of public centers with a building density of over 25%, as well as when the territory is highly saturated with roads and utility networks.
The design and formation of the relief is checked by prototyping methods, as well as using computer technology in combination with data from aerospace and ground surveys of the area. In this case, from certain points of perception of the terrain, a 3D visualization of the existing landscape is performed with the inclusion of elements of the designed relief.
Natural relief is a set of simple and complex forms of the earth's surface.
Vertical planning of an urban area refers to measures aimed at improving the natural relief.
Vertical planning measures should, as a rule, be carried out before the development of streets or city blocks.
Vertical planning tasks:
1. For development– identification of territory with unacceptably steep slopes and with terrain that limits the length of buildings; localization of areas inconvenient for development; identification of high relief points that are most important for creating the city’s silhouette;
2. For street tracing– identification of areas whose terrain is unsuitable for laying streets; selection of street directions that are most appropriate in relation to the terrain (from the longitudinal slope);
3. For organization of surface runoff– definitions of watersheds and towers; identification of territories with ensured surface drainage and drainage-free territories that require a device before development storm sewer(gutters); identification of possible routes for the main storm sewer collectors;
4. To solve particular problems of vertical planning undeveloped areas, for example, airfields, gardens and parks, stadiums, etc.
There are different types of relief in urban areas:
Flat terrain(for example, St. Petersburg) - weakly expressed, without hills, mounds, holes, ravines, typical for marshy areas, meadows and steppes;
Average(Moscow) - with hills, small valleys, basins, ravines;
Difficult(Kyiv) - with pronounced steep slopes and hills.
The relief is depicted in the form of a horizontal plan. The relief of the territory determines the planning composition of the city master plan. The most favorable area for planning decisions is an area with a topography with slopes ranging from 0.5 to 6%. In this case, it is possible to trace a rectangular street network with a minimum slope of 0.3%. The upper limit allows streets to be routed perpendicular to horizontal lines with a maximum slope of 6%.
The terrain with a uniform slope within the specified limits does not create restrictions for routing the street network (with the exception of main streets, for which the upper limit should be reduced to 4%).
With a terrain with a slope of 8%, the routing of streets at an angle of 45 o to the horizontal allows them to maintain their longitudinal slope within a range of up to 6%.
In conditions of complex terrain, street routes can be designed according to three schemes:
Across the horizontal lines that is, along the greatest slope; such a scheme is sometimes necessary to create the shortest route between individual points of the city, but it is advisable only for residential streets and intra-block driveways, with minor excavation work and maintaining large slopes;
Along the horizontals that is, with the smallest slopes; this scheme is beneficial for highways with heavy traffic, but when creating the transverse profile of the street, it requires relatively large excavations, and sometimes the construction of retaining walls; in addition, buildings on both sides of the street may be at different heights in relation to each other;
Diagonally to the horizontals, that is, in a combination of the first and second schemes; This technique can be successfully used on flat slopes.
The general slope of the urban area is less than 0.5%, requiring the installation of drains on all streets.
The greatest demands on terrain conditions are placed on the territories of industrial enterprises and railway transport, which require prolonged minimum slopes. In second place are residential areas, which can be located on areas with significant slopes, but only at the expense of some inconveniences both in the outline of the street network and in the internal organization of the blocks. In third place are territories intended for recreation areas; the latter are more free in terms of terrain requirements. Finally, the least requirements are placed on the topography of green areas, the picturesqueness of which is enhanced by the rugged terrain.
Creating a new relief by transforming its natural forms is the main task of vertical planning.
The development of a vertical layout begins with a study of the terrain of the territory shown on the plan. Reference points are outlined - in the form of marks of the main engineering structures, intersections of railway tracks with the designed streets, individual large buildings, as well as the boundaries of flooding of the coastal area by catastrophic floods. The reference points subsequently serve as reference points when determining the elevations of future blocks and streets.
“Balance of earthworks” - the volume of earthworks for excavations was approximately equal to the volume of embankments.
The vertical layout scheme is being developed simultaneously with the preparation of the city master plan. The scale of the diagram is 1: 5,000 or 1: 10,000.
The starting materials for drawing up a vertical planning scheme are a topographic plan on a scale of 1: 5,000 (or 1: 10,000) with a relief section every 1 m or, in cases of complex terrain, every 2 m, with additional data on the altitude position of supporting structures.
The graphical part of the diagram is presented as:
Plan(on the scale of the original materials) with drawing of design elevation marks at the intersections of street axes and at the turning points of design slopes, with indication of slopes in hundredths (percent) or thousandths and distances along the street axes;
Longitudinal profiles along sections of highways with difficult terrain. The horizontal scale of the profiles must correspond to the scale of the plan. Markings on the plan and profiles are indicated with an accuracy of 0.01 m, slopes - up to 0.001 (or 0.1%), distances - up to 1 m. On secondary streets with small blocks, vertical layout marks can only be shown in the main directions surface water flow, indicating on other streets only the direction of flow with arrows.
On the plan, the design and existing marks of the street axes and the direction of the slopes are written down, with the design marks indicated in the numerator, and the existing marks in the denominator. In characteristic places, work marks are applied showing embankments with a plus sign (+) and excavations with a sign (-).
The direction of the slopes between the design marks is indicated by arrows.
When drawing up a city project, the surface of its territory must be planned in such a way that atmospheric waters have, as far as possible, free flow from the blocks onto the city streets, and through them into the nearest natural reservoirs or closed drains. Therefore, the altitude position of the territory of individual blocks should be planned so that the drainage of all surface waters of the block onto the streets is fully ensured. The passage of water through the territory of adjacent blocks is undesirable. Longitudinal slopes of streets must meet the requirements of transport and drainage and are allowed in the range from 0.5 to 10%, depending on the type of road surface and street category.
When tracing streets along the banks of rivers, lakes and ponds, street marks must be set taking into account the level of the highest flood horizon.
A coordinated solution of horizontal and vertical layouts eliminates the possibility of incorrect location of streets and buildings not only in plan, but also in height.
Economical vertical layout depends on conditions:
Thorough study of the terrain when determining street routes and placement of blocks;
Successful use of soil inside neighborhoods for filling green areas;
Shortest distances for transporting soil masses;
Most Applications mechanisms for carrying out excavation work on a vertical layout.
Vertical planning materials serve as the main documents for planning assignments for urban construction of all types.
Vertical layout project consists of a relief organization plan and a plan of earth masses (cartograms of earthworks). In the relief organization project, a vertical layout diagram on a topographic plan at a scale of 1:5,000 or 1:2,000.
Drawing up a vertical layout diagram is preceded by a process of detailed study of the relief, which is the most important component of the landscape. It is the relief that often predetermines the compositional and planning solution object. The assessment of the existing relief is carried out mainly according to the topographic plan. First of all, watershed lines are outlined and the directions of surface water flow and the laying of sewerage networks are established. Then the slopes in the direction of surface water flow along the axes of streets and roads are determined. If these slopes are within acceptable values, then they are limited to minimal work to smooth out the relief on individual sections of the routes. Otherwise, it is necessary to redevelop the territory with adjustments to the routes of streets and roads and the installation of artificial structures (overpasses, tunnels, etc.).
For the most characteristic (reference) points, existing (black) marks are determined (using the interpolation method), then design (red) marks are established to give the surface the necessary slopes. On rice. A fragment of a vertical layout diagram of a section of an urban area is shown. The intersection points of streets and roads, as well as the inflection points of the relief are considered reference points. Near the reference point the following are signed: black marks (lower numbers), red (design) marks (upper numbers) and working marks (middle right). Working marks are calculated as the difference between the red and black marks for each point. Working marks with a sign (+) indicate embankment (filling) of soil, and with a sign (-) - cutting (excavation) of soil. Between the reference points, arrows indicate the directions of the slopes. The numbers above the arrows indicate the design longitudinal slopes of streets and roads (in ppm), and the distances between reference points (in meters) are indicated below the arrows.
Design slopes are calculated from the expression:
i = (H 2 - H 1)/ l,
Where H 1 And H2- design marks of two points, l- horizontal projection of the distance between these points.
The maximum permissible longitudinal slopes depend on the category of roads and are established SNiPs within 40-80 ‰ The greatest slopes for streets are 50 ‰, for intra-block driveways - 80 ‰. If the longitudinal slopes of sidewalks are more than 60 ‰, it is necessary to provide for the construction of stairs and the division of such sidewalks into separate, flatter sections. The average cross slope of the street (driveway) is 20 - 30 ‰. The resulting slopes in the direction of which surface water flows are calculated using the formula:
Transverse slopes of lawns on streets are accepted within the range of 5 - 50 ‰.
Based on the vertical layout diagram, by further detailing it, vertical layout projects for individual streets, roads, squares, etc. are drawn up.
The following vertical planning methods are used: profiles, design (red) contours and a combined method, which is a combination of them.