Government authorities are paying increasing attention to the formation of roads and railways. Neglecting engineering research leads to large financial losses and car accidents. Currently there are norms and requirements (SNIP 1.02.07-87) for the design and construction of automobile and railways.

Engineering and geodetic surveys of iron and highways are carried out in several stages: at each subsequent stage, the previous stage is checked. This approach eliminates possible errors when conducting geodetic surveys.

Stages of research

The following stages are included in the construction and design of roads and railways:

Conducting and collecting available materials on the future linear facility. Existing topographic maps and plans are studied, drawings and diagrams of the area are examined, climatic features are assessed, and geological sections made in the past are studied.
At the project stage, desk tracing is carried out using topographic maps at scales of 1:50,000 and 1:25,000, performed by constructing a permissible slope line or by the method of attempts.
Field tracing is also carried out, but at the detailed design stage. The method allows you to find the most suitable places for laying a route, as well as improve them. Information obtained after desk tracing is used at this stage. Here, the reference points and main points are taken out into nature, the planned alignment of the route, lines and angles are measured. Based on these calculations, the coordinates of the vertices of the rotation angles are calculated.
A plan-height geodetic basis is being designed.
Topographical surveys are being carried out to create master plan in basic scales 1:500 or 1:1000. They house all existing and planned facilities, both above-ground and underground: these are communication lines, hydraulic structures, and various communications.
Special work is also carried out. This includes carrying out measuring activities, determining the useful lengths of roads and railways, surveying transverse and longitudinal profiles, etc.

New engineering studies for roads

Our organization carries out engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and highways using modern special equipment and based on the latest developments and methods of modern geodesy. The implementation of this type of service, namely the survey of linear objects, requires three main stages: preparatory, field and final - office.

When conducting engineering surveys The reference sections are taken as a basis, which are indicators for other sections of the route being studied. They are considered a representative basis for creating more complex and irregular routes. Also, in the process of work, barrier (complex) places are discovered where deep swamp formations can be found, the operating regime may be disrupted, etc. Already used roads, routes, highways, tunnels, etc. are also examined.

When conducting research, topographic and geodetic work is actively used, which includes various information obtained from the results of aerial photographs. Tacheometric surveys are also carried out using an electronic theodolite and a range finder. As a result, the customer receives a decryption of photographs and a plan-height justification. At the desk stage, reporting documents are compiled. As a result, the customer receives a technical report, in which you can find out the following information:

Characteristics of the railway or highway route in various areas of the terrain: mountainous, flat, densely populated, in difficult areas;
Data on buildings located within the study area: social, cultural, technical, civil, military, industrial and others;
Binding Information various types terrain to the route, as well as the development of local estimates;
Data on the installation and securing of benchmarks outside the work area on preliminary and final routes.

All stages are complex and responsible, but the field stage is considered the most important. At this stage, all types of tracing are carried out, survey and base courses of the geodetic network are laid, and lengths are measured according to the picketage breakdown. The points of the main passages are divided. Leveling is also performed, and the choice of method is determined by the characteristics of the site itself.

DEPARTMENTAL BUILDING STANDARDS

ENGINEERING AND GEODESIC SURVEYS

RAILWAYS AND HIGHWAYS

Ministry of Transport of the USSR

MOSCOW 1990

Developed by TsNIIS of the USSR Ministry of Transport with the participation of Mosgiprotrans and Soyuzdorproekt.

Introduced by TsNIIS Ministry of Transport of the USSR.

Prepared for approval by the Main Scientific and Technical Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Transport.

With the entry into force of VSN 208-89 “Engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and highways” the following become invalid:

“Manual on the performance of topographic-geodetic and aerogeodetic work during the survey of new railways” (M. Orgtransstroy, 1973);

“Guide to topographic survey of railway stations and junctions. GKINP-02-147-81" (M., TsNIIS, 1982);

“Instructions for the production of aerial phototopographic work during railway surveys. GKINP-02-172-83" (M., TsNIIS, 1984);

“Guidelines for drawing up large-scale plans of railway stations and stages based on aerial photography materials. GKINP-02-184-84" (M., TsNIIS, 1985);

“Guidelines for topographic and geodetic work during the exploration of second tracks. GKINP-02-200-85" (M . TsNIIS, 1986).

Agreed by the USSR State Construction Committee, the USSR State Administration for Civil Engineering, the USSR Ministry of Transport and Communications, and the USSR Ministry of Transport and Construction.

All-Union Order of the October Revolution

Research Institute

Transport Construction, 1990

Ministry

Transport construction Departmental

Building codes VSN 208-89

Ministry of Transport of the USSR

USSR (Ministry of Transport and Construction of the USSR) Engineering and geodetic

Research of iron and

Highways are being introduced

These Departmental Construction Standards apply to engineering and geodetic surveys carried out to design the construction of new railways and highways, second (third, fourth) tracks, expansion (reconstruction) of existing roads, railway stations and nodes of the general railway network of the USSR, as well as external access railway tracks and access roads*, and establish requirements for the organization and production of engineering and geodetic surveys in accordance with the accepted design stages.

These standards do not apply to engineering and geodetic surveys for designing the construction of internal access railway tracks and highways of industrial enterprises.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Introduced by TsNIIS Ministry of Transport Construction of the USSR Approved by the Ministry of Transport Construction of the USSR on February 26, 1990 No. MO-116 Date of entry into force June 1, 1990

* “Construction of new railways and roads, second (third, fourth) tracks, expansion (reconstruction) of existing railways, railway stations and nodes of the general railway network of the USSR, as well as external access railway tracks and access roads” is hereinafter referred to as "Construction of railways and roads."

** “Engineering and geodetic surveys for construction design” are hereinafter referred to as “engineering and geodetic surveys”.

1.2. Engineering and geodetic surveys must ensure the receipt of topographic and geodetic materials and data necessary for the development of:

Pre-project documentation - feasibility studies (TES) and technical and economic calculations (TEC) for the construction of railways and highways;

Projects (working projects) for the construction of railways and highways;

Working documentation for the construction of railways and highways.

The peculiarity of engineering, including engineering and geodetic, surveys for the design of railways and highways is that the process of survey and design is inseparable: survey materials are needed to develop and justify design solutions, and determining the composition and scope of surveys is impossible without preliminary design studies.

1.3. Engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and highways, as well as housing and civil construction projects, transport buildings and devices that are part of a complex railway or highway project, must be carried out by design and survey organizations of the Ministry of Transport Construction (Ministry of Transport Construction of the USSR) and the Ministry of Railways ( Ministry of Railways of the USSR).

Engineering and geodetic surveys, as part of engineering surveys of railways and roads, should be carried out, as a rule, by complex expeditions consisting of parties (detachments) in accordance with the approved survey program.

To carry out aerial photography and topographic-geodetic work, the design and survey organization - the general designer can subcontract specialized and other organizations.

1.4. The composition and volume of engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and highways must be established by the survey program in accordance with the design stage, natural conditions and the nature of the designed object.

The composition of engineering and geodetic surveys includes:

Collection and analysis of available topographic and geodetic materials for the survey area (site);

Desk tracing and selection of competitive design solutions for field surveys and surveys;

Creation of a plan-height geodetic basis;

Topographical survey of the area on a scale of 1:5000 - 1:500, including surveying of underground and above-ground structures and communications, intersections of power lines, communication lines and main pipelines;

Field tracing of linear structures;

Special work (surveying the plan of an existing railway track, longitudinal and transverse profiles, external measurements of buildings, structures and devices, coordinating the main elements of structures, determining the full and useful lengths of railway tracks at stations, dimensions of building approaches, types of rails, etc.);

Geodetic support for engineering-geological and engineering-hydrometeorological surveys;

Drawing up and reproduction of engineering topographic plans, creation of digital terrain models (DTM).

1.5. Work carried out during engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and roads should be carried out, as a rule, in three stages: preparatory, field and office.

DEPARTMENTAL BUILDING STANDARDS

ENGINEERING AND GEODETIC SURVEYS OF RAILWAYS AND HIGHWAYS

VSN 208-89

Ministry of Transport of the USSR

MOSCOW 1990

Developed TsNIIS Ministry of Transport of the USSR with the participation of Mosgiprotrans and Soyuzdorproekt.

Submitted TsNIIS Ministry of Transport of the USSR.

Prepared for approval Main Scientific and Technical Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Transport.

With the entry into force of VSN 208-89 “Engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and highways” the following become invalid:

“Manual on the performance of topographic-geodetic and aerogeodetic work during the survey of new railways” (M. Orgtransstroy, 1973);

“Guide to topographic survey of railway stations and junctions. GKINP-02-147-81" (M., TsNIIS, 1982);

“Instructions for the production of aerial phototopographic work during railway surveys. GKINP-02-172-83" (M., TsNIIS, 1984);

“Guidelines for drawing up large-scale plans of railway stations and stages based on aerial photography materials. GKINP-02-184-84" (M., TsNIIS, 1985);

“Guidelines for topographic and geodetic work during the exploration of second tracks. GKINP-02-200-85" (M., TsNIIS, 1986).

Agreed Gosstroy of the USSR, GUGK USSR, GUPiKS Ministry of Railways of the USSR, GUPiKS Ministry of Transport of the USSR.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

2. COMPOSITION AND SCOPE OF ENGINEERING AND GEODESIC SURVEYS

New railways and roads

Research for the project

Operating railways

Surveys for pre-project documentation

Research for the project

Research for working documentation

3. FIELD WORK

Survey geodetic network

General requirements

Filming justification steps

Leveling

Plan-altitude justification for aerial photography

Topographic surveys

General requirements

Terrestrial topographic surveys

Aerial photography work

Interpretation of aerial photographs

Surveying of underground communications and structures

Field tracing

Shooting cross profiles

Shooting the railway plan

Shooting Curves

Artificial structures and drainage systems

Crossings of power and communication lines

Moving

Overall distances

Sorting humps

Field documents

4. CAMERA WORK

Ground survey

Aerial phototopographic survey

General requirements

Condensation of the photogrammetric network

Drawing up engineering topographic plans

Photogrammetric survey of elements of the station situation

These standards do not apply to engineering and geodetic surveys for designing the construction of internal access railway tracks and highways of industrial enterprises.

1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

** “Engineering and geodetic surveys for construction design” are hereinafter referred to as “engineering and geodetic surveys”.

1.2. Engineering and geodetic surveys must ensure the receipt of topographic and geodetic materials and data necessary for the development of:

pre-project documentation - feasibility studies (TES) and technical and economic calculations (TEC) for the construction of railways and highways;

projects (working projects) for the construction of railways and highways;

working documentation for the construction of railways and highways.

To carry out aerial photography and topographic-geodetic work, the design and survey organization - the general designer can subcontract specialized and other organizations.

The composition of engineering and geodetic surveys includes:

collection and analysis of available topographic and geodetic materials for the survey area (site);

desk tracing and selection of competitive design solutions for field surveys and surveys;

creation of a plan-height geodetic basis;

topographic survey of the area on a scale of 1:5000 - 1:500, including survey of underground and above-ground structures and communications, intersections of power lines (PTL), communication lines (LC) and main pipelines;

field tracing of linear structures;

special work (surveying the plan of an existing railway track, longitudinal and transverse profiles, external measurements of buildings, structures and devices, coordinating the main elements of structures, determining the full and useful lengths of railway tracks at stations, dimensions of building approaches, types of rails, etc.);

geodetic support for engineering-geological and engineering-hydrometeorological surveys;

compilation and reproduction of engineering topographic plans, creation of digital terrain models (DTM).

1.5. Work carried out during engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and roads should be carried out, as a rule, in three stages: preparatory, field and office.

During the preparatory stage the following must be completed: collection, analysis and synthesis of available cartographic, geodetic and other materials for the survey area; design studies necessary to select competitive route options or design solutions for field surveys and surveys; work on organizing field surveys (participation, together with the customer, in preparing a design assignment, drawing up a program of engineering and geodetic surveys*, determining and agreeing with the customer on the price of surveys, obtaining permission to carry out work, forming and equipping field units, etc.) p.).

During the field stage, a complex of topographic and geodetic works and surveys provided for in the survey program, as well as the necessary amount of office work to ensure quality control, completeness and accuracy of the work performed, are subject to completion.

The “engineering and geodetic survey program” is hereinafter referred to as the “survey program.”

A technical report with attachments is provided to the customer (at his request). A cartogram of the work performed is transferred to the bodies that registered the work.

1.6. The preparation of a survey program must be preceded by preliminary agreement (together with the customer) with land users and regional, regional and district Councils of People's Deputies, as well as territorial nature protection committees that control the use of land, the location of all competitive options for the route of the projected road, the approximate sizes of the planned areas to seizure of land and natural resources and conditions for compensation for damage caused to the environment and land users.

1.7. The survey program should be drawn up by the management of the survey department with the involvement of the authors of the project sections based on the design assignment issued by the customer with the maximum use of available topographic and geodetic materials, as well as materials from previously completed engineering surveys and other information about the natural conditions of the survey area. The survey program must be agreed upon by the chief engineer (author) of the project.

For small volumes of research (costing up to 2 thousand rubles) carried out under separate buildings and structures, it is allowed to draw up a short instruction instead of the program.

The comprehensive survey program is subject to approval by the chief engineer of the design and survey organization and agreement with the customer.

1.8. The initial data for developing a program of engineering and geodetic surveys are:

the customer’s assignment for the design of the facility;

deadlines for submitting the project established by the design assignment;

materials for desk tracing and design using competitive options;

materials of geodetic study of the survey area:

natural conditions in the area of field work, which determine, given the start and end dates of work, the most rational duration of the field season and the time for carrying out special types of work and observations.

1.9. The survey program should be drawn up uniformly for the entire complex of surveys for each design stage. In cases where the assignment for the development of a project (detailed design) provides for construction to be carried out in stages, a program of engineering and geodetic surveys is drawn up for the first stage of construction.

If the duration of construction of an object or its phase is up to two years, the program of engineering and geodetic surveys for the development of working documentation must be drawn up in a volume that ensures the development of documentation for the object as a whole. If construction lasts more than two years, the scope of surveys and the deadlines for submitting materials must be established in the survey program.

1.10. The survey program should contain:

general information - name of the survey object, design stage and survey objectives, administrative affiliation of the survey area;

data to justify the types, volumes and methods of work - the purpose of the structure being designed, the main technical parameters and other data determining the volume of survey work; a brief physical and geographical description of the survey area based on survey materials, cartographic materials and literary sources; basic information about the development of the road network and other types of communications, communications, economic development of the area; study of the survey area and analysis of the available funds of materials carried out previously in survey, prospecting and research work, assessment of the completeness, reliability and suitability of available materials;

goals and objectives of the research - composition and scope of field and office work; justification of the volumes, methods and requirements for the production of each type of work; organization of work; accepted system of coordinates and heights; technological sequence, planned duration and timing of surveys; the procedure for obtaining approvals, the system of technical control and acceptance of work;

provision of surveys - the need for geodetic instruments, equipment, external and internal transport, including the rental of special vehicles, the necessary volumes of construction of temporary structures;

security environment- list of activities and scope of work to protect the environment during surveys;

safety precautions and industrial sanitation - features of the application of current rules at this survey site and justification for the additional volumes of work required to ensure safety and compliance with industrial sanitation standards when performing survey work;

list of submitted materials.

The survey program must be accompanied by:

a copy of the customer’s assignment for the design of the facility;

plan or diagram of the object with plotted route options and indication of the boundaries of surveys and topographic survey areas;

data on geodetic knowledge of the survey area.

1.11. The survey program should not only provide for measures and work to preserve the environment and prevent its pollution directly in the process of engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and roads, but also provide the opportunity to obtain, in combination with engineering-geological and engineering-hydrometeorological surveys, data and information necessary to make a forecast of changes in the natural environment under the influence of the construction and operation of the structures being designed, as well as establishing measures to protect the natural environment and determining, taking this factor into account, the cost of construction.

1.12. The requirements and methodology for carrying out engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and highways, established by the survey program, must provide for the automation of topographic and geodetic work and office processing of materials. In this case, it is necessary to make maximum use of modern geodetic instruments (electronic total stations and light rangefinders), means of automated recording of measurement results and computer technology.

1.13. The survey program must include such a volume of aerial photography that its materials can be used at subsequent design stages. To reduce the aerial photography range and prevent the route from going beyond its limits, aerial photography routes should be designed after desk tracing using topographic maps at a scale of 1:25000 or 1:10000 (if they are available for the survey area).

The scale of aerial photography is determined depending on the scale of engineering and topographical plans drawn up on its basis and the stereophotogrammetric instruments available to design and survey institutes.

1.14. Terms of reference for the production of aerial photography carried out by special units of the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MGA USSR), as well as for the performance of topographic and geodetic work in cities by engineering and construction survey trusts and other specialized organizations, must be signed by the chief engineer (author) of the project, the head of the leading department and approved by the chief engineer of the design and survey institute.

1.15. Engineering and geodetic surveys of new railways and highways should be carried out with permits obtained in the manner established by SNiP 1.02.07-87 and the Instructions on State Geodetic Supervision.

Engineering and geodetic surveys for the design of second (third, fourth) tracks, expansion (reconstruction) of existing railways, railway stations and junctions within the railway right of way are carried out according to permits obtained from the railway departments of the USSR Ministry of Railways.

1.16. A design solution affecting the interests of any organization must be agreed upon with this organization during the survey.

The implementation of approvals by designers in the process of engineering and geodetic surveys must be taken into account in the survey program.

Approval documents must be drawn up in the form of text and graphic documents (acts, protocols, certificates, letters, conclusions, decisions, inscriptions on plans, diagrams, etc.). These documents must set out the subjects of approval, the requirements of the approving organization, the location of structures, technical specifications for reconstruction, etc., and also indicates the name of the approving organization, the date of approval, positions and names of the approving persons, certified by the seal of the organization.

1.17. Metrological support for geodetic measuring instruments during engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and highways should be provided by departmental metrological services in accordance with the requirements of state standards.

1.18. The organization performing survey work is responsible for the production of engineering and geodetic surveys in accordance with the program and on time, the completeness and quality of the submitted materials.

Responsibility, rights and obligations officials carrying out survey work are established by the relevant job descriptions approved by the management of the design and survey organization.

Below is a typical sample document. The documents were developed without taking into account your personal needs and possible legal risks. If you want to develop a functional and competent document, agreement or contract of any complexity, contact professionals.

DEPARTMENTAL BUILDING STANDARDS
ENGINEERING GEODESIC SURVEYS
RAILWAYS AND HIGHWAYS
VSN 208-89
Ministry of Transport of the USSR
MOSCOW 1990
Developed by TsNIIS of the USSR Ministry of Transport with the participation of Mosgiprotrans and Soyuzdorproekt.

Introduced by TsNIIS Ministry of Transport of the USSR.

Prepared for approval by the Main Scientific and Technical Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Transport.

With the entry into force of VSN 208-89 “Engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and highways” the following become invalid:
“Manual on the performance of topographic-geodetic and aerogeodetic work during the survey of new railways” (M. Orgtransstroy, 1973);
“Guide to topographic survey of railway stations and junctions. GKINP-02-147-81” (M., TsNIIS, 1982);
“Instructions for the production of aerial phototopographic work during railway surveys. GKINP-02-172-83” (M., TsNIIS, 1984);
“Guidelines for drawing up large-scale plans of railway stations and stages based on aerial photography materials. GKINP-02-184-84” (M., TsNIIS, 1985);
“Guidelines for topographic and geodetic work during the exploration of second tracks. GKINP-02-200-85” (M. (TsNIIS, 1986).
Agreed by the USSR State Construction Committee, the USSR State Administration for Civil Engineering, the USSR Ministry of Transport and Communications, and the USSR Ministry of Transport and Construction.
All-Union Order of the October Revolution
research institute
transport construction, 1990

Ministry
transport construction
Departmental
building codes
VSN 208-89
Ministry of Transport of the USSR
USSR (Ministry of Transport of the USSR)
Engineering and geodetic
exploration of iron and
highways
Introduced
for the first time
These Departmental Construction Standards apply to engineering and geodetic surveys carried out to design the construction of new railways and highways, second (third, fourth) tracks, expansion (reconstruction) of existing roads, railway stations and nodes of the general railway network of the USSR, as well as external access railway tracks and access roads*, and establish requirements for the organization and production of engineering and geodetic surveys in accordance with the accepted design stages.
These standards do not apply to engineering and geodetic surveys for designing the construction of internal access railway tracks and highways of industrial enterprises.
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Engineering and geodetic surveys for the design of construction** of railways and highways should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 1.02.07-87, state standards and these norms, taking into account the requirements of regulatory and technical acts of the Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR (GUGK USSR) and the USSR State Committee for Nature Conservation.
Introduced by TsNIIS Ministry of Transport of the USSR
Approved by the USSR Ministry of Transport on February 26, 1990 No. MO-116
Effective date: June 1, 1990.
____________
* “Construction of new railways and roads, second (third, fourth) tracks, expansion (reconstruction) of existing railways, railway stations and nodes of the general railway network of the USSR, as well as external access railway tracks and access roads” is hereinafter referred to as “construction of railways and highways”.
** “Engineering and geodetic surveys for construction design” are hereinafter referred to as “engineering and geodetic surveys”.

1.2. Engineering and geodetic surveys must ensure the receipt of topographic and geodetic materials and data necessary for the development of:
pre-project documentation - feasibility studies (TES) and technical and economic calculations (TEC) for the construction of railways and highways;
projects (working projects) for the construction of railways and highways;
working documentation for the construction of railways and highways.
The peculiarity of engineering, including engineering and geodetic, surveys for the design of railways and highways is that the process of survey and design is inseparable: survey materials are needed to develop and justify design solutions, and determining the composition and scope of surveys is impossible without preliminary design studies.
1.3. Engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and highways, as well as housing and civil construction projects, transport buildings and devices that are part of a complex railway or highway project, must be carried out by design and survey organizations of the Ministry of Transport Construction (Ministry of Transport Construction of the USSR) and the Ministry of Railways ( Ministry of Railways of the USSR).
Engineering and geodetic surveys, as part of engineering surveys of railways and roads, should be carried out, as a rule, by complex expeditions consisting of parties (detachments) in accordance with the approved survey program.
To carry out aerial photography and topographic-geodetic work, the design and survey organization - the general designer can subcontract specialized and other organizations.
1.4. The composition and volume of engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and highways must be established by the survey program in accordance with the design stage, natural conditions and the nature of the designed object.
The composition of engineering and geodetic surveys includes:
collection and analysis of available topographic and geodetic materials for the survey area (site);
desk tracing and selection of competitive design solutions for field surveys and surveys;
creation of a plan-height geodetic basis;
topographic survey of the area on a scale of 1:5000 - 1:500, including survey of underground and above-ground structures and communications, intersections of power lines (PTL), communication lines (LC) and main pipelines;
field tracing of linear structures;
special work (surveying the plan of an existing railway track, longitudinal and transverse profiles, external measurements of buildings, structures and devices, coordinating the main elements of structures, determining the full and useful lengths of railway tracks at stations, dimensions of building approaches, types of rails, etc.);
geodetic support for engineering-geological and engineering-hydrometeorological surveys;
compilation and reproduction of engineering topographic plans, creation of digital terrain models (DTM).
1.5. Work carried out during engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and roads should be carried out, as a rule, in three stages: preparatory, field and office.
During the preparatory stage the following must be completed: collection, analysis and synthesis of available cartographic, geodetic and other materials for the survey area; design studies necessary to select competitive route options or design solutions for field surveys and surveys; work on organizing field surveys (participation, together with the customer, in the preparation of design assignments, drawing up a program of engineering and geodetic surveys *, determining and agreeing with the customer the price for carrying out surveys, obtaining permission to carry out work, forming and equipping field units, etc.) p.).
During the field stage, a complex of topographic and geodetic works and surveys provided for in the survey program, as well as the necessary amount of office work to ensure quality control, completeness and accuracy of the work performed, are subject to completion.
____________
“The engineering and geodetic survey program” is hereinafter referred to as the “survey program.”

During the office stage, the following must be completed: final processing of field materials, design of all graphic and text materials, preparation of technical reports, delivery of research materials to the archive.
A technical report with attachments is provided to the customer (at his request). A cartogram of the work performed is transferred to the bodies that registered the work.
1.6. The preparation of a survey program must be preceded by preliminary agreement (together with the customer) with land users and regional, regional and district Councils of People's Deputies, as well as territorial nature protection committees that control the use of land, the location of all competitive options for the route of the projected road, the approximate sizes of the planned areas to the seizure of lands and natural resources and conditions for compensation for damage caused to the environment and land users.
1.7. The survey program should be drawn up by the management of the survey department with the involvement of the authors of the project sections based on the design assignment issued by the customer with the maximum use of available topographic and geodetic materials, as well as materials from previously completed engineering surveys and other information about the natural conditions of the survey area. The survey program must be agreed upon by the chief engineer (author) of the project.
For small volumes of research (costing up to 2 thousand rubles) carried out for individual buildings and structures, it is allowed to draw up a short prescription instead of the program.
The comprehensive survey program is subject to approval by the chief engineer of the design and survey organization and agreement with the customer.
1.8. The initial data for developing a program of engineering and geodetic surveys are:
the customer’s assignment for the design of the facility; deadlines for submitting the project established by the design assignment;
materials for desk tracing and design using competitive options;
materials of geodetic study of the survey area: natural conditions in the area of field work, which determine, given the start and end dates of work, the most rational duration of the field season and the time for carrying out special types of work and observations.
1.9. The survey program should be drawn up uniformly for the entire complex of surveys for each design stage. In cases where the assignment for the development of a project (detailed design) provides for construction to be carried out in stages, a program of engineering and geodetic surveys is drawn up for the first stage of construction.
If the duration of construction of an object or its phase is up to two years, the program of engineering and geodetic surveys for the development of working documentation must be drawn up in a volume that ensures the development of documentation for the object as a whole. If construction lasts more than two years, the scope of surveys and deadlines for submitting materials must be established in the survey program.
1.10. The survey program should contain:
general information - name of the survey object, design stage and survey objectives, administrative affiliation of the survey area;
data to justify the types, volumes and methods of work - the purpose of the structure being designed, the main technical parameters and other data determining the volume of survey work; a brief physical and geographical description of the survey area based on survey materials, cartographic materials and literary sources; basic information about the development of the road network and other types of communications, communications, economic development of the area; study of the survey area and analysis of available funds of materials, previously completed survey, prospecting and research work, assessment of the completeness, reliability and degree of suitability of available materials;
goals and objectives of the research - composition and scope of field and office work; justification of the volumes, methods and requirements for the production of each type of work; organization of work; accepted system of coordinates and heights; technological sequence, planned duration and timing of surveys; the procedure for obtaining approvals, the system of technical control and acceptance of work;
provision of surveys - the need for geodetic instruments, equipment, external and internal transport, including the rental of special vehicles, the necessary volumes of construction of temporary structures;
environmental protection - a list of measures and scope of work to protect the environment during surveys;
safety precautions and industrial sanitation - features of the application of current rules at this survey site and justification for the additional volumes of work required to ensure safety and compliance with industrial sanitation standards when performing survey work;
list of submitted materials.
The survey program must be accompanied by:
a copy of the customer’s assignment for the design of the facility; plan or diagram of the object with plotted route options and indication of the boundaries of surveys and topographic survey areas;
data on geodetic knowledge of the survey area.
1.11. The survey program should not only provide for measures and work to preserve the environment and prevent its pollution directly in the process of engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and roads, but also provide the opportunity to obtain, in combination with engineering-geological and engineering-hydrometeorological surveys, data and information necessary for making a forecast of changes in the natural environment under the influence of the construction and operation of the designed structures, as well as establishing measures to protect the natural environment and determining, taking this factor into account, the cost of construction.
The composition and content of the sections of the survey program and its annexes are detailed in each specific case in accordance with the customer’s technical specifications and depending on the design stage and types (objects) of construction.
1.12. The requirements and methodology for carrying out engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and highways, established by the survey program, must provide for the automation of topographic and geodetic work and office processing of materials. In this case, it is necessary to make maximum use of modern geodetic instruments (electronic total stations and light rangefinders), means of automated recording of measurement results and computer technology.
1.13. The survey program must include such a volume of aerial photography that its materials can be used at subsequent design stages. To reduce the aerial photography range and prevent the route from going beyond its limits, aerial photography routes should be designed after desk tracing using topographic maps at a scale of 1:25000 or 1:10000 (if they are available for the survey area).
The scale of aerial photography is determined depending on the scale of engineering and topographical plans drawn up on its basis and the stereophotogrammetric instruments available to design and survey institutes.
1.14. The terms of reference for the production of aerial photography carried out by special units of the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MGA USSR), as well as for the performance of topographic and geodetic work in cities by engineering and construction survey trusts and other specialized organizations, must be signed by the chief engineer (author) of the project, the head of the leading department and approved by the chief engineer of the design and survey institute.
1.15. Engineering and geodetic surveys of new railways and highways should be carried out with permits obtained in the manner established by SNiP 1.02.07-87 and the Instructions on State Geodetic Supervision.
Engineering and geodetic surveys for the design of second (third, fourth) tracks, expansion (reconstruction) of existing railways, railway stations and junctions within the railway right of way are carried out according to permits obtained from the railway departments of the USSR Ministry of Railways.
1.16. A design solution affecting the interests of any organization must be agreed upon with this organization during the survey.
The implementation of approvals by designers in the process of engineering and geodetic surveys must be taken into account in the survey program.
Approval documents must be drawn up in the form of text and graphic documents (acts, protocols, certificates, letters, conclusions, decisions, inscriptions on plans, diagrams, etc.). These documents must set out the subjects of approval, the requirements of the approving organization, the location of structures, technical conditions for reconstruction, etc., and also indicate the name of the approving organization, the date of approval, the positions and names of the approving persons, certified by the seal of the organization.
1.17. Metrological support for geodetic measuring instruments during engineering and geodetic surveys of railways and highways should be provided by departmental metrological services in accordance with the requirements of state standards.
1.18. The organization performing survey work is responsible for the production of engineering and geodetic surveys in accordance with the program and on time, the completeness and quality of the submitted materials. The responsibilities, rights and obligations of officials performing survey work are established by the relevant job regulations approved by the management of the design and survey organization.
2. COMPOSITION AND VOLUME OF ENGINEERING GEODESIC
RESEARCH
New railways and roads
Surveys for pre-project documentation

2.1. When carrying out engineering and geodetic surveys for the development of a feasibility study (TES), a set of works must be carried out to ensure the receipt of topographic and geodetic materials and data necessary for choosing a direction and route, developing basic design solutions and technical and economic indicators, including determining the estimated cost construction of a planned railway or highway, as well as for other types of engineering surveys.
2.2. The preparatory stage of research should include:
obtaining topographic maps and plans for the survey area, aerial and space photography materials, as well as survey materials from previous years;
collection and study of stock, literary and specialized materials characterizing the features natural conditions survey area;
desk tracing, assessment, comparison and selection of competitive route options for the designed road for field surveys, identification of reference and complex (barrier) sections of competing route options;
preliminary approval of the location of competitive route options with the Councils of People's Deputies through whose territory the projected road passes;

registration of permits for surveys and aerial photography;
organization of field surveys.
2.3. To select possible directions of the planned railway or highway and determine the boundaries of the survey area, topographic maps at a scale of 1:1000000-1:100000 should be used.
Desk tracing to select the direction of the designed road should be carried out using topographic maps at a scale of 1:25000 or plans at a scale of 1:10000 (if they exist for the entire survey area or part of it) using materials from aerial and space photography and other materials collected for the survey area.
2.4. To select a route, develop basic design solutions and determine the estimated cost of building a railway and highway for competing route options for the designed road, it is necessary to identify reference and complex (barrier) sections on which topographic surveys should be carried out on the following scales:
in flat areas 1:5000-1:2000;
in areas with rugged terrain and in mountainous areas 1:2000-1:1000.
The reference sections include representative sections, the construction conditions of which (according to engineering-geological characteristics, hydrological regime, etc.) can be extended to other similar sections of the route.
The length of the reference section should not be less than 10 km.
Complex (barrier) areas include:
places of distribution of geological processes, phenomena and formations that can have a significant impact on the choice of design solutions, technology, timing and cost of construction, operational regime of road structures and their complexes (landslide slopes, clamps, screes, mudflows, areas of development of modern karst, underground ice , large ice dams, deep extended swamps, etc.);
sections of the route at the intersections of large lakes, sea bays, reservoirs, etc.;
large and extra-curricular bridge crossings;
tunnels;
sections of the route near large settlements and industrial facilities.
2.5. Field stage research should include:
reconnaissance of competitive route options;
aerial photography, elevation reference and interpretation of aerial photographs according to the options adopted for field surveys;
creation of survey justification and ground topographic survey of reference and complex (barrier) areas on a scale of 1:5000-1:1000 in cases where aerial photography is not provided for in the survey program (
identification of communications and other objects subject to reconstruction or demolition in connection with road construction;

To develop a feasibility study (TES) in simple natural conditions, it is allowed, with appropriate justification in the survey program, to carry out engineering and geodetic surveys without performing field topographic and geodetic work.
2.6. In the process of reconnaissance of competitive options for the directions of the designed road, the compliance of the topographic materials used for desk tracing must be checked, current state relief and situation, the position and boundaries of areas where topographic and geodetic work and surveys are required have been clarified.
2.7. When performing aerial phototopographic survey on competitive route options, ground topographic and geodetic work must include a plan-elevation justification and field interpretation of aerial photographs, taking into account the possible use of aerial photographic materials at subsequent stages of design.
When conducting surveys using ground-based methods, survey justification and tacheometric surveys at scales of 1:5000-1,1000 are carried out only in reference and complex (barrier) areas.
The width of the tacheometric survey strip along the route is set in the survey program depending on specific conditions and should not, as a rule, exceed 300 m.
2.8. The desk research stage should include the processing of field materials and the preparation of reporting documents provided for by the research program.
Reporting documents include:
engineering and topographical plans of reference and complex (barrier) sections of the route;
longitudinal profiles according to route options;
statements of coordinates and heights of survey justification points (plan-altitude justification of aerial photographs);
documents of preliminary approval of route options with the Councils of People's Deputies; technical report on the work performed.
Research for the project

2.9. When carrying out engineering and geodetic surveys for the project, a set of works must be carried out to ensure the receipt of topographic and geodetic materials and data necessary for finalizing and detailing the design decisions adopted in the feasibility study (TER), clarifying the main technical and economic indicators and calculating the cost of construction of the designed railway or a highway, as well as for other types of engineering surveys.
2.10. The preparatory stage of research should include:
analysis of feasibility study materials (TER);
identification and tracing of local route options and sub-options within the direction of the designed road adopted in the feasibility study (TER), their assessment, comparison and selection of route options for field surveys;
drawing up a survey program and contractual documentation;
registration (extension of validity period) of permits for surveys and aerial photography;
organization of field surveys.
2.11. To trace local options and sub-options of the route, you should, as a rule, use engineering topographic plans at a scale of 1:5000-1:1000, drawn up during the development of a feasibility study (TES).
2.12. The field stage of research should include:
reconnaissance of route options;
aerial photography (if it was not carried out during research for the development of a feasibility study);
plan-altitude reference and interpretation of aerial photographs;
creation of survey justification and ground topographic surveys on those sections of the route where the scale of previous surveys does not meet the design requirements, and aerial photography is not carried out, as well as topographic surveys of sections individual design roadbed, medium and large bridge crossings, quarry sites building materials etc.;
field tracing (taking out the route in situ);
topographic survey of the intersections of all underground and above-ground communications;
geodetic support for other types of engineering surveys.
2.13. Reconnaissance of route options should ensure:
identifying the compliance of real natural conditions with those accepted during desk tracing and evaluation of route options;
clarification of areas where detailed surveys need to be carried out;
clarification of the scope and technology for performing topographic and geodetic work provided for in the survey program.
Reconnaissance should be carried out on all options subject to field surveys.
Reconnaissance must be ground-based and carried out along the entire length of the options.
Aerovisual reconnaissance is permitted only for general familiarization with the area.
2.14. The scale of topographic surveys should be set depending on the characteristics of the survey areas and the types of structures being designed according to Table. 1. The height of the relief cross-section by horizontals is taken in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 1.02.07-87.
Table 1
Characteristics of the survey area (structure)
Shooting scale
Railroad and road route:

1:5000-1:2000
in difficult mountain conditions
1:2000-1:1000
in a built-up area
1:1000-1:500
on areas with reclaimed land or with valuable agricultural crops
1:2000-1:1000
Railway junctions
1:5000-1:1000
Railway stations
1:1000-1:500
Traveling on hauls
1:2000-1:500
Sites for small artificial structures:

In flat and rough terrain
1:1000
on sloped areas
1:500
Medium and large bridge crossings
1:1000
Portal sections of tunnels
1:1000
Sites for service and technical buildings, residential settlements, water supply, sewerage facilities, etc.
1:1000-1:500
Intersections with roads of all categories, pipelines, overhead power and communication lines
1:1000-1:500
Sites for soil quarries and quarries of local building materials
1:2000
2.15. The boundaries and areas of areas subject to topographic survey should be established in the survey program, taking into account the needs of other types of engineering surveys.
The width of the terrain along the route of a new railway or highway, subject to ground topographic survey, must ensure the design of the roadbed, artificial structures, road facilities, drainage systems, forest protection strips, longitudinal communication and power supply lines, and, if necessary, the road along the route.
The width of the tacheometric survey strip should be taken in accordance with the requirements of clause 2.7.
2.16. Field tracing (taking out the route in situ) should be carried out, if necessary, in areas of individual design of the roadbed, as well as for geodetic support of detailed engineering-geological and engineering-hydrometeorological surveys.
2.17. From the route laid in nature, surveying of transverse profiles and topographic survey of individual sections of the terrain (sites for small artificial structures, etc.) must be carried out.
Cross profiles should be removed:
in areas of individual design of the subgrade on slopes steeper than 1:5;
in the presence of nearby existing facilities (
in case roadbed will cover heterogeneous areas of terrain (the route runs at the bottom of a slope, along the edge of a swamp, etc.);
under difficult conditions for organizing longitudinal drainage (bypasses, etc.);
on sites for separate points.
The width of the strip of terrain removed from the route by transverse profiles should be assigned taking into account the design of longitudinal power supply, communication lines, highways near the route, protective forest plantations, etc.
2.18. The desk research stage should include processing of field materials and compilation of reports...