Research and development. Organization of scientific research and development Analysis of scientific research and development

Order of the Ministry of Health and social development RF dated July 3, 2008 N 305n
"On approval of professional qualification groups of positions for workers in the field of scientific research and development"

With changes and additions from:

Professional qualification group of positions scientific works nicks and heads of structural divisions

Qualification levels	Positions assigned to qualification levels
Qualification levels	scientists	heads of structural divisions
1 qualification level	State expert on intellectual property, state expert on intellectual property II category, junior researcher, researcher	Manager (chief): technical archive, drawing and copying bureau, laboratory (computer and photo-film equipment, office equipment, communications)
2 qualification level	State expert on intellectual property, category I, senior researcher	Head (chief): graduate school, department of scientific and technical information, other structural unit
3 qualification level	Leading state expert on intellectual property, leading researcher	Head (chief) of the research sector (laboratory), part of the research department (laboratory, department); chief (team (group) leader)
4 qualification level	Chief state expert on intellectual property, chief researcher	Head (chief) of research (design), expert department (laboratory, department, sector); scientific secretary
5 qualification level		Head (manager) of a separate division

_____________________________

* With the exception of positions of heads of structural divisions classified as qualification levels 3 - 5

In order to differentiate wage conditions, positions of workers in the field of scientific research and development are divided into 3 professional qualification groups: professional qualification group of positions of second-level scientific and technical workers; professional qualification group of positions of scientific and technical workers of the third level; professional qualification group of positions of scientists and heads of structural divisions.

In particular, the professional qualification group of positions for second-level scientific and technical workers includes the positions of design technician, draftsman, and research laboratory assistant. The positions of scientific workers are included in the professional qualification group of positions of scientific workers and heads of structural divisions.

Within each qualification group, positions are grouped by qualification level.

Professional qualification groups are formed based on the level vocational training and qualifications necessary to carry out the relevant professional activities. Taking into account professional qualification groups, the Government of the Russian Federation establishes basic salaries (basic official salaries) and base rates wages of employees of state and municipal institutions.

Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation dated July 3, 2008 N 305n “On approval of professional qualification groups of positions for workers in the field of scientific research and development”

Registration N 12001

This order comes into force 10 days after the day of its official publication

This document is amended by the following documents:

Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of December 19, 2008 N 740n

The changes come into force 10 days after the official publication of the said order.

Research and development work (R&D) - a set of works aimed at obtaining new knowledge and practical application when creating a new product or technology.

Study:

conducting research, developing a technical proposal (advanced project);
development of technical specifications for experimental design (technological) work.

Development:

development of a preliminary design;
development of a technical project;
development of working design documentation for the production of a prototype;
production of a prototype;
testing a prototype;
documentation processing;
approval of working design documentation for organizing industrial (serial) production of products.

Supply of products for production and operation:

adjustment of design documentation based on identified hidden deficiencies;
development of operational documentation.

Repair:

development of working design documentation for repair work.

Discontinued:

development of working design documentation for recycling.

An example of the stages of performing OKR

The order of stages of performing design and development work on an optical-electronic device:

Study of existing products of this type
Study of the element base suitable for building the required product
Selection of element base
Development of an optical design for a prototype product
Development of structural electrical diagram product prototype
Development of sketches of the product body
Coordination with the customer of actual technical characteristics And appearance products
Electrical development schematic diagram products
Study of the production base and capabilities of printed circuit boards production
Test development printed circuit board products
Placing an order for the production of a test printed circuit board for the product
Placing an order for the supply of element base for the manufacture of a product
Placing an order for soldering the test printed circuit board of the product
Product test cable development
Making a product test cable
Product Test PCB Test
Writing software for a test printed circuit board of a product and a computer
Study of the production base and production capabilities of optical elements
Calculation of optical elements of the product taking into account production capabilities
Study of the production base and production capabilities of plastic cases, metal elements and hardware
Development of the design of the optical box housing of the product, taking into account production capabilities
Placing an order for the manufacture of optical elements and the body of the optical box of the product
Experimental assembly of the product's optical box with connection of a test printed circuit board
Testing the operating modes of the test printed circuit board of the product and the optical box
Correction of software, circuit diagram and parameters of the optical part of the product in order to obtain the specified parameters
Product body development
Development of a printed circuit board based on the actual dimensions of the product body
Placing an order for the manufacture of a prototype product body
Placing an order for the production of a prototype printed circuit board
Wiring and programming the product's printed circuit board
Painting the body of the prototype product
Manufacturing a prototype cable
Final assembly of the product prototype
Testing of all parameters and reliability of the product prototype
Writing product manufacturing technology
Writing a user manual for a product
Transfer of technical documentation, software and product prototype to the customer with signing of documents on the end of the contract

Design and development work can be carried out in two forms: A and B. Design and development work in form A is carried out with the simultaneous launch of the developed product into production, in form B - with the subsequent launch of the developed product into production or without launching into production.

Types of R&D

In accordance with regulatory regulations, according to the method of cost accounting, R&D is divided into:

Commodity R&D(current, custom) - work related to the normal activity of the organization, the results of which are intended for sale to the customer.

Capital R&D(initiative, for one’s own needs) - work, the costs of which are investments in long-term assets of the organization, the results of which are used in one’s own production and/or are provided for use by others.

R&D contract

The procedure for performing Commodity R&D is regulated by the contract for the performance of research, development and technological work. The legislation of the Russian Federation distinguishes two types of this agreement:

Agreement for the implementation of scientific research work (R&D). Under the contract for the performance of research work, the contractor undertakes to carry out the stipulated terms of reference customer scientific research.
Contract for the implementation of development and technological work (R&D). Under the contract for R&D, the contractor undertakes to develop a sample of a new product, design documentation for it, or new technology.

The parties to the R&D agreement are the contractor and the customer. The performer is obliged to conduct scientific research personally. It is allowed to involve co-executors in the execution of research work only with the consent of the customer. When performing R&D, the contractor has the right to involve third parties, unless otherwise provided by the contract. The rules on the general contractor and subcontractor apply to the contractor's relations with third parties in the event of their involvement in R&D.

Unlike other types of obligations, R&D contracts are characterized by:

A specific feature of R&D is that for these types of work there is a high risk of not obtaining, for objective reasons, the result established in the technical specifications. The risk of accidental impossibility of fulfilling R&D contracts is borne by the customer, unless otherwise provided by law or contract. The Contractor is obliged to immediately inform the customer about the detected impossibility of obtaining the expected results or about the inappropriateness of continuing the work. The responsibility to prove the impossibility of obtaining the intended result lies with the contractor. The decision to stop work is made by the customer.

When performing Capital R&D, the functions of the customer and the contractor are performed by the same person and, therefore, no contract is required. Thus, the conditions for carrying out Capital R&D are determined by the terms of reference and calendar plan (plan of scientific work), approved by the executive body of the organization and/or the scientific and technical council. The fact of completion of work and the result obtained are established in technical act, approved by the executive body of the organization.

Statistics

Share in R&D expenses in 2013, % of global

According to data research institute Battelle Memorial Institute, in 2011, global R&D spending will grow by 3.6% to US$1.2 trillion.

The United States ranks first in terms of R&D volume (385.6 billion; 2.7% of its own GDP)

Structure of financing for all types of R&D in 1985

Sources of R&D funding in the USA

Structure of private investment in R&D in the United States

Pension funds and insurance companies	Corporate funds	Others
55 %	10 %	35 %

The role of R&D in modern business

The role of R&D is growing as the bulk of added value in business shifts from the production stage to the development stage. Based on the results of R&D, key decisions are made in high-tech business. Research and development (R&D) for marketing is becoming increasingly important; companies monitor the latest developments of competitors and consumer needs in order to align their own research with them. The increased role of R&D in business processes is reflected by the newly created position in most large Russian companies - R&D director or manager. The functions of the R&D manager include the formation and implementation of the R&D program, the development of a program for innovative development of the enterprise, the organization of technological processes: technology development, design. At the same time, R&D is one of the most difficult areas from a management point of view, because distinctive feature Most research is difficult to predict the final results of research and their possible commercialization. As a result, large R&D expenditures do not always guarantee greater profits or greater market share.

Notes

GOST 15.105-2001 “System for the development and delivery of products to production. The procedure for carrying out research work and its components”; GOST 15.203-2001 “System for the development and delivery of products to production. The procedure for performing R&D to create products and their components"
Accounting Regulations “Accounting for expenses for research, development and technological work” PBU 17/02, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated November 19, 2002 No. 115n.
Clause 1 of Article 769 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Clause 2 of Article 770 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
Clause 1 of Article 772 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Article 432 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
The sun of science rises over China
Knowledge, networks and nations. Global scientific collaboration in the 21st century. The Royal Society
| State Internet channel "Russia"
Archived October 26, 2013 on the Wayback Machine | T. A. Tormysheva “Is it possible to build a national innovation system in Russia?”
Nelson R., National Innovation System. New York, Oxford, 1993.

December 5, 2019, Tatyana Golikova chaired a meeting of the organizing committee for the preparation of the International Congress of Mathematicians The Congress will be held July 6–14, 2022 in St. Petersburg.

December 4, 2019, State policy in the field of scientific research and development Awarded the Russian Government Prize in the field of science and technology for 2019 Order of November 29, 2019 No. 2846-r. 131 applicants became award winners in 2019. Prizes were awarded for work in the field of medicine, energy, geology, production technology, materials science, mechanical engineering, transport, information technology, ecology and agriculture.

November 21, 2019, State policy in the field of scientific research and development Tatyana Golikova and Andrey Fursenko held a meeting of the Presidium of the Council on the implementation of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Genetic Technologies The agenda includes a discussion of the results of the analysis of programs for the creation and development of world-class genomic research centers in terms of the acquisition of equipment and the creation information systems, as well as requirements for the development of the instrument base.

November 12, 2019, State policy in the field of scientific research and development Dmitry Medvedev's trip to the Novosibirsk region and meeting.

October 12, 2019, State policy in the field of scientific research and development Awarded the Russian Government Prize in the field of science and technology for young scientists for 2019 Order of October 7, 2019 No. 2323-r. 25 applicants became award winners in 2019. The prizes, in particular, were awarded for the development and implementation of methods and systems for intelligent control of robots various types and purpose, an integrated system for ensuring the sustainable life cycle of buildings and structures, forevacuum plasma electronic sources for processing and modification of dielectric materials.

September 13, 2019, State policy in the field of scientific research and development Tatyana Golikova and Andrey Fursenko held a meeting of the Council on the implementation of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Genetic Technologies The volume of financial support for the creation and support of genomic research centers for the period 2019–2024 from federal budget will amount to 11.2 billion rubles.

September 9, 2019, State policy in the field of scientific research and development Dmitry Medvedev spoke at the opening ceremony of the congress.

September 7, 2019, State policy in the field of scientific research and development The size of Russian Government awards in the field of science and technology for young scientists has been increased Resolution of August 31, 2019 No. 1121. Starting from 2020, the monetary portion of the Russian Government awards in the field of science and technology for young scientists has been increased from 500 thousand rubles to 1 million rubles.

August 29, 2019, State policy in the field of scientific research and development Tatyana Golikova chaired a meeting of the Council for State Support for the Creation and Development of World-Class Mathematical Centers At the meeting, the winners of the competitive selection were determined and their creation and development programs were approved.

August 28, 2019, State policy in the field of scientific research and development Alexey Gordeev held a meeting on the creation of a new wintering complex at the Vostok Antarctic station The meeting took place on the eve of the 200th anniversary of the discovery of Antarctica by Russian navigators under the command of Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev.

August 23, 2019, State policy in the field of scientific research and development Indicators for the implementation of the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development have been established, the dynamics of which are subject to monitoring Order of August 15, 2019 No. 1824-r. 11 indicators have been identified that reflect the progress of implementation of the Strategy in the following areas: the influence of science and technology on the socio-economic development of Russia, including due to the transition to the model of great challenges; the state and performance of the field of science, technology and innovation; quality of state regulation and service provision of scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities.

When manufacturing products, even at the development stage, companies are faced with the need to conduct research and development work. To understand the principle of R&D, it is necessary to decipher the abbreviations R&D and OKR, as well as highlight the features. In this article we will consider aspects of the tasks and goals of scientific work, efficiency factors and examples of implemented ones.

What is R&D: definition and features

The term R&D stands for research and development work. This is a set of experiments, theoretical ideas, searches, production of standard samples, a set of activities aimed at producing a finished product according to given standards.

The scale of R&D reflects the competitiveness of companies, and the costs of this type of service are an indicator of the innovative activity of the manufacturing enterprise. Thus, it is possible to calculate the competitiveness of a particular product.

Scientific research is often resorted to in the manufacture of government-ordered products. In this case, activities that require strict adherence to the established plan, consisting of several stages. Conducting R&D involves the involvement of specialists in a particular field and the presence of strict time frames.

Researchers identify the following most common activities and types of effective R&D services:

Intellectual activity, experiments, theoretical research (research);
Work aimed at developing design and technological documentation of a product sample (R&D);
Other research activities, the task of which is to obtain new knowledge and skills in a specific area;
Technological processes (TP).

The difference between research and development work and other types of activities in industry is the widespread use of modern technologies and developments.

Novelty is the hallmark of any R&D. The output is a product that has no analogues (this could be a new type of technology, product or service).

Factors in the creation and implementation of scientific developments

The size in R&D is determined by the chosen strategy of the enterprise in scientific development, as well as the scale of research activities. The efficiency of work is influenced by the process of carrying out and implementing modern developments.

There are five main factors that determine what the outcome of the entire process will be:

Expenses for R&D, as well as the distribution of expenses over time.
An R&D strategy is a long-term program of specific actions, which determines the duration of work from theoretical research to the final result.
The volume of the information base and its distribution throughout the entire investment period.
Dynamics (rise and decline of investment in a scientific project) and results of the implementation of scientific developments at certain stages.
Building connections between participants in a scientific project, the so-called organizational and economic mechanism. Special attention is paid to the system of relationships between the enterprise-customer of R&D and implementing centers.

Types of research work

To simplify the process of assessing the effectiveness and validity of the use of R&D, research work is divided into several main groups depending on the final result. According to most experts, the main criterion for separation is the effect that is achieved through research and experiments.

Also, one of the aspects of the formation of a particular group may be the number of products, type of enterprise, service sector and other factors.

Four main groups of R&D and their features:

Group "A1" distinctive feature which is the commercial orientation of the activity. This may include scientific developments within the framework of equipment improvement, as well as R&D management.
Group "A2" is scientific research aimed at eliminating current problems in various areas of the company's activities. This also includes solving management problems, planning and implementing developments in the work of the enterprise, drawing up documentation and technical processes.
Group "A3" includes scientific developments to improve and implement existing financial mechanisms, control over the conduct of individual transactions on the stock market. Most often, scientific developments in this category are used to create debt restructuring programs for a company or its subsidiaries.
Group “A4” is a research activity aimed at obtaining an applied effect, that is, the result can only be determined by directly using the developments. The scientific research of this group is used to expand the base of applied research in the field of modern technology, science and engineering.

As part of research work, certain patterns and connections are formed between various phenomena, which in turn leads to the creation of more and more new technical ideas.

It is also worth noting that R&D of the A4 group does not have economic justification, that is, developments are not evaluated for financial benefits, but only establish the direction of research.

Research functions

Innovation process in modern world is based on scientific developments that, as a rule, have a commercial effect. Thus, investing in technology and research projects leads to the creation new products, technological processes and modernized services. In industry, R&D is a factor in the formation of new specific advantages, as well as the main element of innovation.

It turns out that the main function of R&D is the practical application of the resulting phenomena and processes (this is especially typical for applied research). The purpose of research work is to ensure the production of new goods or services to make a profit.

R&D represents pre-production life cycle products, a set of ideas and scientific developments for the subsequent sale of products on the market.

At the R&D stages, other functions of research work can be distinguished. So, at the beginning the process is aimed at creating competitive products. For this purpose, marketing campaigns are carried out, the product range is assessed, which is based on new technological solutions. Next, the scale of distribution of the product is established, after which a complex of development work is carried out (experimental products, the result of which is a technological project).

Scientific and technical products include the results of completed R&D, including:

Research, development and design work, as well as any stages of this work;
and pilot batches of new equipment and materials manufactured based on the results of research and development work;
High-tech products produced in small batches;
Software electronic computer technology;
Scientific and production services using unique scientific equipment,
Information technology services, services in the fields of metrology, certification and information technology;
Consulting services and expertise of scientific, technical, economic, managerial nature;
Intellectual property;
Other types of work and services not prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Main objectives of R&D

Precise definition of the tasks of carrying out and implementing scientific developments can significantly increase and at the same time avoid possible errors even at the first stage of product creation. The following research tasks can be distinguished:

Expanding the information base in the field of modern technologies, science and technology, as well as obtaining new knowledge and skills in the study of society and nature for the purpose of their subsequent application.
Determining the competitiveness of a new product (product prototype) and the possibility of its materialization in a specific area of production based on theoretical research and experimental activities.
Innovation process and practical implementation of acquired knowledge and skills.

Analysts note that R&D makes it possible to increase the efficiency of resource use, increase the competitiveness of private and state enterprises and improve the standard of living of the population.

R&D stages and their characteristics

As already mentioned, scientific development is a long process consisting of. The following stages of R&D are distinguished:

Formation of a fundamental base based on theoretical and exploratory research (less often experiments);
Applied scientific research;
Activities of a project nature, the purpose of which is to create a new scientific and technical product (experimental design work);
Experienced or experimental (can also be performed at previous stages).

It is worth noting that the last stage involves checking the results obtained in order to manufacture and test a standard sample of the product. Carrying out this stage of R&D allows you to test the modified technological process in reality, as well as assess the readiness of equipment, instruments, and installations for the subsequent production of goods.

Description of the main stages of R&D

The fundamental basis is formed through theoretical and exploratory research.

The research stage represents the substantiation of new processes and phenomena, as well as the formation of new theories. Exploratory research is aimed at developing new principles for the production of goods and services (this also includes the use of management). For this type of work it is typical precise definition goals and orientation towards specific theoretical foundations.

As for applied research, its main task is the practical application of scientific developments. With their help, technical problems are solved, mechanisms for resolving theoretical issues are established, and the first results are achieved, which can subsequently be used to create standard product samples.

The final stage is considered OCD.

This is a transition from experimental to industrial production of a product. Here the production of completely new goods, materials or devices, technical processes or improvement of equipment is carried out.

Organization of scientific research

The study of research and development work is carried out within the framework of the course “Innovation Management” with two fundamental objectives.

Firstly, it shows the competitiveness of the enterprise, allows you to complete the preparation of all necessary documentation, as well as inform the organizers about the features of specific products and their implementation on the market.

Secondly, when organizing scientific research, the development of modern equipment with the introduction of new functions can be carried out.

There are five intersectoral documentation systems on which the organization of research and development work is based:

State standards in production.
Unified system of design documentation.
Uniform rules and regulations that must be followed when drawing up documentation for technical developments.
Unified system of technological training.
State product quality standards.

These are the standards that are used when drawing up R&D documents.

However, it is worth noting that the results obtained are compiled in accordance with unified design documentation. During the development, safety requirements, production regulations, as well as positive experience in the preparation of documents for products under development were taken into account.