Phonetics- this is a branch of the science of language in which sounds and their alternations are studied, as well as stress, intonation, and syllable division.
Graphics is a branch of the science of language in which the designs of the letters of the alphabet and their relationship with the sounds of speech are studied.
Modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters, 10 of which are created to indicate vowel sounds and are called vowels accordingly. 21 consonant letters are used to represent consonant sounds. In addition, in the modern Russian language there are two letters that sounds are not indicated: ъ(hard symbol), b(soft symbol).
Vowels and consonants
The sounds of speech in writing are square brackets. This is a transcription. In transcription, it is not customary to write lowercase letters and use punctuation marks. See carefully: Rules for Russian transcription at school.
All sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants.
1. Vowel sounds- These are sounds that are formed with the participation of the voice. There are 6 of them in the Russian language: [a], [e], [i], [o], [u], [s].
2. Consonants- These are sounds that are formed with the participation of voice and noise or only noise.
A) Consonant sounds are divided into hard and soft. Most of the hard and soft consonants form pairs according to hardness-softness: [b] - [b'], [c] - [c'], [g] - [g'], [d] - [d'], [z] - [z'], [k] - [k'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'], [n] - [n'], [p] - [p'], [p] - [p'], [s] - [s'], [t] - [t'], [f] - [f'], [x] - [x'] (the apostrophe at the top right indicates softness consonant sound). For example, bow - [bow] and hatch - [l’uk].
b) Some consonant sounds do not have correlative pairs, however, hardness-softness, in other words, there are unpaired hard consonants[zh], [w], [ts] (i.e. they are always only solid) and unpaired soft consonants[w’], [th], [h] (i.e. they are always only soft).
Notes:
V) Consonant sounds formed with the participation of voice and noise are called booming(for example, [d], [d’], [z], [z’], etc.); in this case, only noise participates in the formation of sounds, then such sounds are called deaf consonants (for example, [t], [t’], [s], [s’], etc.). Most of the voiceless and voiceless consonants in the Russian language form voiced-voiceless pairs: [b] - [p], [b'] - [p'], [c] - [f], [c'] - [f'], [g] - [k], [g'] - [k'], [d] - [t], [d'] - [t'], [z] - [s], [z'] - [s'], [g] - [w]. Wed: beat - drink, year - cat, live - sew.
G) The sounds [th], [l], [l'], [m], |m'], [n], [n'], [r], [r'] do not form a correlative pair with voiceless consonants, as follows, they are unpaired echoing(unpaired echoing consonants are also called sonorous, these are sounds in the formation of which both voice and noise participate). Conversely, voiceless consonants that do not form pairs with voiced consonants are unpaired deaf. These are the sounds [h], [ts], [x], [x’].
3. In a stream of speech, the sound of 1 sound can be likened to the sound of another sound. This phenomenon is called assimilation. So, in the word life, the sound [z], standing next to the soft [n’], also softens, and we get the sound [z’]. Therefore, the pronunciation of the word life is written like this: [zhyz’n’]. Sound convergence can also occur in sounds that are paired in terms of sonority and deafness. Thus, booming consonants in the position before the voiceless ones and at the end of the word are similar in sound to paired voiceless ones. As it should happen stun consonants. For example, a boat is a lo[t]ka, a parable is a gallop[s]ka, a cart is a vo[s]. The opposite phenomenon may also occur, when voiceless consonants in the position before voiced ones also become booming, in other words misspoke. For example, mowing is ko[z’]ba, asking is about [z’]ba.
Indication of softness of consonants in writing
In the Russian language, the softness of consonants is indicated by the following methods:
1. Using a letterb(soft symbol) at the end of a word and in the middle between consonants: usefulness - [pol’za], elk - [los’], etc.
Note. The soft symbol does not indicate softness of consonants in the following cases:
a) in this case serves to separate consonants, the 2nd of which th(yot): leaves - lis[t'ya], be-lie - be[l'yo];
b) to distinguish grammatical categories: rye (3 classes, f.r.) - knife (2 classes, m.r.);
c) to distinguish the forms of words (after hissing words): read (2 sheets, singular), cut (form imperative mood), assist (infinitive form of the verb), also adverb: gallop, supine.
2. By means of lettersAnd,e, e, yu, I, indicating the softness of the previous consonant sound and conveying the vowel sounds [i], [e], [o], [u], [a]: forest - [l'es], honey - [m'ot], lil - [l'il], hatch - [l'uk], crumpled - [m'al].
3. Using the following soft consonants: cog - [v'in't'ik], plum - [s'l'iva].
Sound meaning of letters e, e, yu, i
1. The letters e, ё, yu, i can meantwo sounds: [ye], [yo], [yu], [ya]. This happens in the following cases:
In addition, after the separation b the letter will represent two sounds And: nightingales - nightingale [yi].
2. The letters e, e, yu, i indicate the softness of the preceding consonant in the position after consonants, paired in hardness-softness: fur - [m'eh], carried - [n'os], hatch - [l'uk], kneaded - [m'al].
Memo:
Phonetic analysis of the word
Phonetic analysis of a word is an analysis of a word, which consists of characterizing syllable structure And sound composition of the word; phonetic analysis of a word implies elements of graphic analysis. The word for phonetic analysis in school textbooks is indicated by the number 1: for example, earth 1 .
When conducting a phonetic analysis of a word, you must definitely pronounce the word out loud. You cannot automatically convert alphabetic notation into audio, this leads to errors. It is necessary to keep in mind that it is not the letters that are characterized, but the sounds of the word.
Needs to be done from time to time phonetic recording of an entire sentence or text. See more about this: Sentence transcription standards.
The order of phonetic analysis of a word (according to school tradition):
1. Write it down given word, divide it into syllables, orally indicate the number of syllables.
2. Put emphasis on the word.
3. Write down the phonetic transcription of the word (we write the word in letters in a column, opposite each letter we write the sound in square brackets).
4. Describe the sounds (in front of each sound we put a dash and write its properties, separating them with commas):
5. Indicate the number of sounds and letters.
Standards for phonetic parsing of words(baseline)
Earth - earth
z[z’] - consonant, soft, booming
e[i] - vowel, unstressed
m[m] - consonant, hard, booming
l[l’] - consonant, soft, booming
e[e] - vowel, stressed
———-
5 letters, 5 sounds
They turn black - they turn black
h[h] - consonant, soft, deaf
e[i] - vowel, unstressed
r[r] - consonant, hard, booming
n[n’] - consonant, soft, booming
e[e] - vowel, stressed
yu[y] - consonant, soft, booming
[u] - vowel, unstressed
t[t] - consonant, hard, deaf.
————
7 letters, 8 sounds
See carefully: Rules of phonetic transcription for schoolchildren studying the Russian language in depth.
Additionally:
What are sonorant sounds?
Phonetics is a branch of the science of language in which sounds and their alternations are studied, as well as stress, intonation, and syllable division. Graphics is a branch of the science of language in which the designs of the letters of the alphabet and their relationship with the sounds of speech are studied. The modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters, 10 of which are created to represent vowel sounds and are called accordingly...
To begin with, it is important to note which consonants are sonorant in the Russian language. These are sounds that are pronounced using the voice, with virtually no noise. These include [l], [m], [p], [l’], [m’], [p’], [j].
Features of sonorant consonants
They are unique in that they are similar to both vowels and consonants. What distinguishes them from voiced sounds is that when they are pronounced, the noise is practically inaudible. They do not have paired voiceless or voiced sounds. This is why sonorant consonants are never pronounced voiceless either at the end of a word or before a voiceless consonant. An excellent example would be the word lamp, where [m] is pronounced voiced before a voiceless [n]. Noisy voiceless consonants are not pronounced loudly before similar sounds, as happens, for example, in the word request, which we pronounce as [proz'ba]. However, it should not be classified as a vowel. Still, when they sound, an obstacle appears in the oral cavity. This is how noise appears, and this is not at all characteristic of Also such sounds do not have another important characteristic that determines vowels. You can't form a syllable from them. It should be noted that this is typical specifically for the Russian language, since, for example, in Czech, sonorant sounds have such features. Such sounds can be either hard or soft and have various ways education.
How is the sound [l] formed?
In order for the sound to be correct, the tip of the tongue should be behind the upper front teeth. And if it does not reach the designated place, then its sound is distorted and what comes out instead is a boat - “vodka”.
If the sound is in a soft position, then the tongue should be pressed against the alveoli. It happens that the hard sound [l] is quite difficult to correct. Then you can try holding your tongue and pronouncing this sound. But such an action can only be performed during training. Thus, we see that not all sonorant consonants in the Russian language can be corrected.
The need for exercises for the correct pronunciation of sonorant consonants
Many people are absolutely convinced that exercises to correct the pronunciation of individual sounds have no meaning. They are convinced that this method is not at all effective. It is enough just to understand the principle itself, how to correctly pronounce sonorous consonants, and everything will return to normal. In fact, this is not true. Practice is simply necessary here. And it usually starts with the sound [m]. This is because it is pronounced very naturally, and even yoga mantras use it.
Why sonorant consonants?
Translated from Latin, Sonorus means “sonorous.” Such sounds do not have paired voiceless sounds and are also called nasal and smooth. After all, they are all formed with the help of a flow of air that passes through the tongue, teeth and lips. Nothing interferes with it, and the sound is pronounced smoothly. [n] and [m] are considered transitional. To produce such sounds, the lips close tightly, but the air escapes through There are three most effective exercises to practice pronunciation of sonorant consonants:
- The first is the repetition of a phrase that contains large number similar sounds. Quite often in such sentences you can see strange words that are never used, but they are necessary for practicing pronunciation. It is better if it is performed in one breath and with a nasal sound.
- The next sentence should be much more complex. It is usually longer, so it is quite difficult to say it in one breath. It is better to immediately divide it into parts and also pronounce it with a nasal sound.
- The last sentence is even longer. But it is better to divide it into two parts. Do the first one like the first two exercises, but before the second one you need to take a deep breath and say it as if you are sending something into the distance. This is how the “flight” of the voice should develop. All these exercises will help you learn to pronounce sonorant consonants correctly if you do them systematically.
Sound is the smallest indivisible unit of voiced speech flow that has no meaning. The branch of linguistics called phonetics is devoted to the study of the sound structure of a language, all its manifestations and functions.
The phonetic system of the Russian language contains 42 sounds, 6 of which are vowels, and the remaining 36 are consonants. Special attention sonorant sounds deserve in Russian. As a rule, the pronunciation of some of them causes the greatest difficulties in children who are just learning to speak. To understand what sonorant sounds are, it is necessary to consider the system of sounds of the Russian language as a whole.
Each sound has its own the following characteristics:
- acoustic;
- articulatory;
- functional (semantic).
Acoustic characteristics
To characterize a sound in terms of acoustics is to characterize the way it sounds. This can be done by its sonority, strength and height.
Sonority allows you to separate vocal and non-vocal sounds. All noisy consonants are nonvocalic. Vocal sounds include all vowels and sonorant consonants.
In terms of strength, sounds can be consonant or non-consonant. All consonants are consonant, i.e. weak, and non-consonant, i.e. strong - all vowels.
From the position of height, the sound can be high or low, respectively. High are the front vowels, front-lingual and middle-lingual consonants. All other vowels and consonants are low sounds.
Concept of articulation
Articulation is the process of producing sounds. The human speech apparatus, with the help of which sounds are formed, is represented by a fairly large set of organs. These include the lungs, larynx, vocal cords, nasal cavity, hard and soft palate, mandible, lips and tongue. The stream of exhaled air leaves the lungs and passes through the gap formed by the vocal cords in the larynx. When the vocal cords are tense and vibrating, a voice (tone) is formed. It serves as the basis for vowels, voiced and sonorant consonants. If the vocal cords are relaxed, the voice does not form, and noise occurs, which underlies noisy consonants.
Further differentiation of sounds occurs in the oral cavity, depending on what obstacle the air stream encounters on its path.
Characteristics of vowels
The main feature of vowel sounds is that when they are formed, a stream of air, having formed a tone in the vocal cords, no longer encounters any obstacles in the oral cavity. That is, they consist of only tone (voice) without added noise.
The vowels are the sounds a, o, u, i, ы, e. The articulation of each vowel sound depends only on the position of the active organs of speech (lips, tongue, soft palate and lower jaw).
The functional feature of vowel sounds is that they form a syllable, i.e. play a syllabic role.
Characteristics of consonants
When a consonant sound is formed, the air stream encounters various kinds of obstacles on its path. When overcoming an obstacle, noise occurs. Therefore, the main difference between a consonant sound and a vowel is the presence, in addition to tone (voice), also of noise. The occurrence of a specific consonant sound depends on the location of the obstacle formation and the method of overcoming it. Thus, they are all divided depending on the ratio of tone and noise, place and method of formation.
According to the ratio of tone and noise, consonants are divided into sonorant sounds, voiced and voiceless consonants. Voiced and voiceless consonants are noisy because In their formation, noise participates either on an equal basis with the voice (voiced), or predominates over the voice (deaf).
When pronouncing a consonant sound, a barrier can be formed by the tongue or lips, therefore all consonants are divided according to the place of formation into labial and lingual.
According to the method of formation, or according to the method of overcoming an obstacle, they are occlusive, fricative, occlusive-frictional (affricates), occlusive-transitive and tremulous.
Another characteristic of consonants is palatalization (hardness/softness). Hardness/softness pairs do not have only a few consonant sounds: zh, ts (always hard) and ch, j (always soft).
Characteristics of sonorous sounds
What a sonorous sound is becomes clear from the translation this definition. The word "sonorant" comes from the Latin sonorus. It means "resonant". Indeed, when such a sound is formed, the voice predominates, and the noise is so minimal that sonorant sounds become close to vowels. Sonorant sounds in Russian are m, m", n, n", l, l", r, r", j.
Please note. The main feature of sonorous sounds is that when passing through an obstacle in the oral cavity, the air that forms the sound finds a way around it. So, for example, when the sound l and its soft pair are formed, the air bypasses the bow formed by the tongue and upper teeth on the sides. Accordingly, according to the place of formation, this sound is lingual-dental. And according to the method of formation - occlusive-passage. When the sound p and its soft pair are formed, the flow of air causes the bow formed by the tongue and the hard palate to vibrate. Thus, it is lingual-alveolar according to the place of formation, and tremulous (vibrant) according to the method of formation. It is interesting that such a sonorant sound as j (th) is very similar in its formation to the vowel i. However, during its pronunciation, a significant narrowing occurs as the air flows through. Because of this, a slight noise arises, which allows us to classify this sound as a consonant. According to the place of formation, j is lingual-mid-palatal, according to the method of formation - fissural, and can only be palatalized (soft).
All sonorant sounds in the Russian language do not have a voiced/voiced pair and are only voiced. At the end of a word, deafening of sonorant sounds does not occur, as happens with other voiced consonants.
Oral and nasal sonorities
Depending on the position of the velum, different consonant sounds are formed. If the velum is lifted and pressed against the back wall of the pharynx, the passage into the nasal cavity for the air stream is closed. The sounds produced in this way are called oral sounds. Or clean. If the velum is lowered, the passage into the nasal cavity for the air stream opens, and the nasal cavity serves as an additional resonator for the formation of sound. In this way, sounds called nasal or nasal are formed.
There are only four nasal sounds in the Russian language: m, m", n, n". According to the place of formation, the m and its soft pair are labial-labial, and according to the method of formation, it is occipital. The sound n and its soft pair are lingual-dental according to the place of formation, and octocental according to the method of formation.
So, understanding what a sonorous sound is is possible only with a full understanding of the mechanism of sound formation. That is, their articulation. Knowledge of the features of sonorant consonant sounds helps to determine their place in the phonetic system of the Russian language.
The Russian language system has 42 phonemes. Of these, 6 phonemes are vowels, and 36 are consonants. All phonemes classified by type of phonation; the number of organs involved in articulation; place of sound formation and so on.
Thus, according to the method of sound formation, the following categories of phonemes are distinguished: noisy, sonorant, vowels, lateral. Let's take a closer look at the group of sonorant phonemes.
In phonetics and phonology Only sounds can be called sonorant, not letters. Sonorant elements are those elements of speech whose articulation occurs without the participation of turbulence in the vocal tract. The group of such sonorous sounds includes the consonants [l], [m], [n], [r], [th], [l"], [m"], [n"], [r"].
The English language has a different number of sonants: [m], [n], [l], [ŋ], [h], [j], [r], [w].
Group of sonorous sounds includes the following subgroups:
- approximant;
- nasal phonemes;
- trembling;
- single-strike.
Distinctive Features
How to distinguish sonants:
- Sonorant phonemes or sonants phonetically contrast with aspirated consonants, when pronounced, a turbulent flow is formed in the vocal tract.
- Sonorant elements of speech are only voiced. This is because when these sounds are articulated, the noise is suppressed by the vocal tone and becomes virtually silent. This feature allows us to talk about proximity of sonorant consonants and vowels. When articulating aspirated consonants, as well as fricative phonemes, on the contrary, the core of the sound is noise, not tone.
- That is why at the end of a word sonorant phonemes are never pronounced dull. The same pattern is observed when a sonant precedes a voiceless consonant. Thus, in the Russian word “company” [m] is pronounced voiced before the voiceless [p]. At the same time, noisy voiceless consonants in such a situation will be pronounced with voicing: mowing - [koz’ba]. For the same reason, sonants do not have paired voiceless phonemes.
- Sonorant sounds, like other consonants, can form a syllable, which makes them similar to both consonants and vowels at the same time.
Characteristics of sonorant consonants
The classification of sonants is based on several principles. Sounds are distinguished by the place and method of their formation, as well as by the type of phonation.
According to the place of formation, labial-labial ([m], [m']), lingual-labial ([n], [n']), lingual-alveolar ([l], [l'], [r], [ p']) and lingual-mid-palatal consonants ([th]).
According to the method of formation, sonants can be: stop-passive ([n], [n'], [m], [m']), tremulous ([l], [l'], [r], [r']) and slotted ([th]).
Based on the type of phonation (strength of sound output), the vast majority of sonorant consonants are voiced.
Articulation exercises
Clearly defined articulation- the key to beautiful and correct diction. Many children experience difficulty pronouncing certain sounds during the period of active development of their speech apparatus.
If a person has diction defects (burr, lisp, distorted pronunciation of individual sounds, etc.), it is necessary to correct such defects with the help of special exercises.
Speech gymnastics can be performed both in classes with a speech therapist and independently.
Let us note that pronouncing sonorant consonants causes the greatest difficulties for both children and adults. Such corrective exercises to develop the right way articulations can completely rid a person of speech defects.
All exercises must be performed in front of a mirror. The key to correct articulation is to perform movements only with the speech organs. Often, people with diction defects have the following feature: when articulating certain phonemes, the movement is transferred to the limbs or parts of the body (for example, arms or legs).
Therefore, when performing corrective exercises, it is necessary to use a mirror in full height in order to identify excessive gestures in time.
Tongue twisters using words that contain specific hard-to-pronounce sounds can be a good way to develop pronunciation. After a persistent improvement in the articulation of the necessary sounds begins to appear, you can move on to pronouncing tongue twisters with an obstacle in the mouth. These could be small pebbles, nuts, candies or a wine cork.
Difficulties in Russian
What about the sonants that cause the greatest difficulty in pronunciation for Russian-speaking people? The consonants [th], [m] and [n] do not cause any particular problems. But incorrect articulation of [l] and [r] occurs in almost every third child.
Pay attention!
- The articulation of Russian [l] is different from the articulation of this sonant in other language systems.
- Russian [r], unlike English, is hard and has clearer articulation.
During the development of the speech apparatus, these phonemes are the most difficult for a child. If you do not seek help from a speech therapist at an early age and start a problem, it will be much more difficult to correct it in adulthood. As a rule, adults who have such a defect no longer undertake to correct it.
Video
From this video you will learn what sonorous sounds are.
Russian language
PHONETICS. GRAPHICS
7. Consonants
The concept of consonants.
Consonant sounds consist of noise or voice and noise. When they form, exhaled air encounters various obstacles when passing through the vocal tract. The air stream overcomes them, resulting in noise. There are a total of 36 consonant sounds in the Russian language:
[ b ], [ b’], [ V ], [ V'], [ G ], [ G'], [ d ], [ d'], [ and ], [ h ], [ z'], [ th'], [ To ], [ To'], [ l ], [ l’], [ m ], [ m'], [ n ], [ n’], [ n ], [ n'], [ r ], [ p'], [ With ], [ With'], [ T ], [ T'], [ f ], [ f'], [ X ], [ X'], [ ts ], [ h'], [ w ], [ sch'].
Hard and soft consonants.
softness/hardness.
Most hard and soft consonants form pairs:
[ b-b', v-c', g-g', d-d', z-z', k-k', l-l', mm', n-n', p-p' , r-r', s-s', t-t', f-f', x-x'].
Hard consonants do not have paired sounds: [zh], [w], [ts]
and soft consonants: [ch’], [sch’], [th’].
Voiceless and voiced consonants.
Consonant sounds vary according to sonority/deafness.
Voiceless consonants consist entirely of noise. This series includes the following consonants: [p], [p'], [f], [f'], [k], [k'], [t], [t'], [sh], [s ], [ s'], [ x ], [ x' ], [ ts ], [ h'], [ w'].
The voice is involved in the formation of voiced consonant sounds; they consist of noise and voice. These include the following sounds: [b], [b'], [v], [v'], [g], [g'], [d], [d'], [z], [z], [z'], [th'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [r], [r'].
Most voiced and voiceless consonants form pairs:
[b-p, b'-p', v-f, v'-f', g-k, g'-k', d-t, d'-t', w-sh, z-s, z '-With'].
Voiceless consonants do not have paired sounds: [x], [x’], [ts], [ch’], [sch’]
and voiced consonants: [th’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’].
Sonorous sounds.
Sonorous are the sounds [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’]. They are always loud and are not deafened under any circumstances.
Spelling of voiced and voiceless consonants in the root.
To check the spelling of paired voiced and voiceless consonants at the root of a word before the consonants, it is necessary to change the word or select a word with the same root so that after the consonant there is a vowel sound or one of the sonorants l, m, n, r , For example: du b- du b s, about With ba - about With neither h cue - no h small.
Spelling unpronounceable consonants.
To check the spelling of words with unpronounceable consonants, it is necessary to change the form of the word or select a cognate word in which these consonants are pronounced clearly, for example: with l ntse - with l nyshko, swish T chick - swish T eat.
Designation of soft consonants in writing.
The softness of consonant sounds in writing is indicated in different ways:
1) with the help b at the end of a word, for example: shelter b, corner b, sol b, checkmate b, pole b;
2) with the help b in the middle of a word after a soft consonant before another (hard or soft) consonant, for example: nyan b ka, kos b ba, vos b my, tes b ma, con b ki;
3) with the help b the softness of the consonant in the middle of a word after the letter is always indicated l , For example: chalk b com, fell b That. However, the double combination ll written without b : A ll her, couple ll spruce ;
4) using letters e, e, yu, i in cases where they are used after a consonant, for example: p e l [p’el], n e s [n’os], l yu k [l’uk], m I l [m'al].
Exception:
A) in letter combinations h, sch
with other consonants b
it is not written to indicate softness, for example: mo schn oh, hee schn th
;
b)b
not written to indicate softness of consonants in some words, the spelling of which must be consulted spelling dictionary, For example: ne ns iya, mo st ik, gwo building And
.
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