There are countries in whose newspapers headlines such as “Spring Floods” are repeated approximately every two years. The reader usually already knows the text in advance. Only the numbers change, indicating the number of people killed and homeless, and the area of flooded areas. Even the names of the rivers almost always remain the same.
Such “unconquered” rivers include, for example, the Po in Italy and the Missouri-Mississippi in the USA.
Floods on the Po River
Scroll Po River floods and its tributaries will take several pages. To record all the damage that this river caused, it would be necessary to fill thick books. Only one catastrophic flood in Upper Italy in November 1951 cost 500 billion li.
This figure is easy to give, but to earn this amount, 5,000 Italian workers would have to work for 50 years for almost their entire lives. During the period of time, from 1951 to the end of 1961, another 15 events occurred in the lower reaches of the Po River. catastrophic floods.
The only weapon that people in these countries had at that time was self-defense. But with such weapons it is impossible to win big victories.
Floods on the rivers of North America
A few months later, in mid-April 1952, the floods on the rivers of North America caused by early snow melting.
Without compassion and pity for 800,000 injured, small farmers, poor cotton growers and farm laborers, an American newspaper correspondent depicted from an airplane appearance catastrophic: flooding on the Missouri River. His message sounds like a report of an exciting game, designed to create a sensation.
“...The Missouri rolls below us - a clay-yellow sea of water. People and cars are visible along the washed-out ramparts. They are desperately trying to fight the flood. From the roofs of houses and treetops they wave their hands at us, asking for help - they mistake us for a rescue plane. The river flooded an area 80 kilometers long and 20 kilometers wide. If Omaha's 1,500-foot-wide canal fails to accommodate the flood surge, unimaginable chaos threatens the plain."
This is the correspondent's message. It does not say a word about helping the victims. And in the near future one cannot hope that the “wild” rivers of North America will be tamed by canals, embankments and protective dams. Organized protection costs money, and in the US government budget only 1 percent was planned for hydraulic protective structures for that period.
Floods on the Ganges River
Atomic bomb- the most terrible weapon of destruction. Therefore, all peace-loving people of the world demand its prohibition. During the last world war, an atomic bomb dropped from an American aircraft on the densely populated Japanese city of Hiroshima killed about 60,000 men, women and children. Hard 100,000 people were affected.
We know that water in the form of water vapor and ice has a dangerous explosive force. It may be even more dangerous than an atomic bomb. This is proven by the catastrophic floods caused by the giant rivers of India. Emerging from his snowy abode in the Himalayas, Ganges river passes through the Indo-Gangetic lowland and, approaching the mouth, together with the Bramaputra, forms the greatest delta in the world. In this delta, on the Bay of Bengal, lies the famous port city of Calcutta, with large palaces, magnificent temples and luxurious buildings of the Maharajas. There was a time when brown-skinned Indians were not allowed to cross the boundaries of white areas. But water knows no difference between brown and white, between rich and poor. In 1737, she threw a storm wave at the city and in a few moments killed 300,000 people.
From the same city in 1864 there was a catastrophic flood 48,000 people were carried out to sea. This is the population of an entire city, the largest industrial center of Saxony, Karl-Marx-Stadt and the old North German Hanseatic city of Wismar.
Hindus consider the Ganges “sacred” and worship it instead of chaining this dangerous enemy of humanity. In the Middle Ages, they did not dig a canal to divert water to the remote temple city of Zomnathpur; she was carried there by long caravans of camels.
While in Zomnathpur thousands of priests and 350 dancers served the terrible golden idol - God Shiva, day and night, not a single hand moved, not a single shovel clinked to stop the rampage of the unruly madman - Ganges.
Until the Ganges is brought under control, the Hindus living in its delta will not find peace. Man should not expect mercy or common sense from the natural forces of nature. Compared to these terrible "harvests of death"
In Russia, between 40 and 68 crisis floods occur annually. According to Roshydromet, about 500 thousand square kilometers are exposed to these natural disasters, floods with catastrophic consequences - 150 thousand square kilometers, where about 300 cities, tens of thousands of settlements are located, large number economic facilities, more than 7 million hectares of farmland.
Average annual damage from floods is estimated at approximately 40 billion rubles per year, including in the Volga - 9.4 billion rubles, Amur - 6.7 billion rubles, Ob - 4.4 billion rubles, Terek - 3 billion rubles, Don - 2.6 billion rubles, Kuban - 2.1 billion rubles, Lena - 1.2 billion rubles, Lake Baikal - 0.9 billion rubles, other rivers - 10.7 billion rubles.
Most often, floods occur in the south of the Primorsky Territory, in the basin of the Middle and Upper Oka, Upper Don, on the rivers of the Kuban and Terek basins, in the Tobol basin, on the tributaries of the Middle Yenisei and Middle Lena.
Floods with catastrophic consequences over the past 20 years have occurred:
in 1993 In the Sverdlovsk region, the Kiselevskaya soil dam on the Kakva River collapsed due to rain floods. 1 thousand 550 houses were washed away, the city of Serov was flooded, 15 people died. The damage amounted to 63.3 billion non-denominated rubles;
in 1994 In Bashkiria, the dam of the Tirlyansk reservoir broke and an abnormal release of 8.6 million cubic meters of water occurred. 29 people died, 786 were left homeless. There were 4 settlements in the flood zone, 85 residential buildings were completely destroyed. The damage was estimated at 52.3 billion non-denominated rubles;
in 1998 near the city of Lensk in Yakutia, two ice jams on the Lena River caused the water to rise by 11 m. 97 thousand people were in the flood zone, 15 died. The damage exceeded several hundred million rubles;
in 2001 Lensk was again almost completely flooded due to flooding, which led to the death of 8 people. 5 thousand 162 houses were flooded; in total, over 43 thousand people were affected by the flood in Yakutia. The total damage amounted to 8 billion rubles;
in 2001 in the Irkutsk region, due to heavy rains, a number of rivers overflowed their banks and flooded 7 cities and 13 districts / a total of 63 settlements /. The city of Sayansk was especially affected. 8 people were killed, 300 thousand people were injured, 4 thousand 635 houses were flooded. Damage - 2 billion rubles;
in 2001 There was a flood in the Primorsky Territory of the Russian Federation, as a result of which 11 people died and more than 80 thousand were injured. 625 square kilometers of territory were flooded. 7 cities and 7 districts of the region were in the disaster zone, 260 km were destroyed highways and 40 bridges. The damage amounted to 1.2 billion rubles;
in 2002 as a result severe flood In the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation, 114 people died, of which 59 were in the Stavropol Territory, 8 in Karachay-Cherkessia, 36 in the Krasnodar Territory. In total, more than 330 thousand people were affected. 377 settlements were in the flood zone. 8 thousand residential buildings were destroyed, 45 thousand buildings, 350 km of gas pipelines, 406 bridges, 1.7 thousand km of roads, about 6 km of railway tracks, over 1 thousand were damaged. km of power lines, more than 520 km of water supply and 154 water intakes. The damage amounted to 16 billion rubles;
in 2002 to the Black Sea coast Krasnodar region A tornado and torrential rains struck. 15 settlements were flooded, including Krymsk, Abrau-Durso, Tuapse. Novorossiysk and the village of Shirokaya Balka suffered the greatest destruction. The disaster claimed the lives of 62 people. Almost 8 thousand residential buildings were damaged. The damage amounted to 1.7 billion rubles;
in 2004 As a result of the flood in the southern regions of Khakassia, 24 settlements (a total of 1077 houses) were flooded. 9 people died. The damage exceeded 29 million rubles;
in 2010 In the Krasnodar region there was a major flood caused by powerful torrential rains. 30 settlements were flooded in the Tuapse and Absheron regions and in the Sochi region. 17 people were killed, 7.5 thousand people were injured. As a result of the natural disaster, almost 1.5 thousand households were destroyed, 250 of them completely. The amount of damage amounted to about 2.5 billion rubles;
in 2012 year, heavy rains led to the devastating flood throughout the history of the Krasnodar region. 10 settlements were affected, including the cities of Gelendzhik, Novorossiysk, Krymsk, and the villages of Divnomorskoye, Nizhnebakanskaya, Neberdzhaevskaya and Kabardinka. The main blow of the disaster fell on the Krymsky region and directly on Krymsk. As a result of the flood, 168 people died, of which 153 people were in Krymsk, three in Novorossiysk, 12 in Gelendzhik. 53 thousand people were recognized as affected by the disaster, of which 29 thousand completely lost their property. 7.2 thousand were flooded. residential buildings, of which over 1.65 thousand households were completely destroyed. The total damage from the disaster amounted to about 20 billion rubles.
Abnormal floods
Since the end of July 2013, anomalous flooding caused by heavy rains has continued in the Far East. The flood in the Amur region (Khabarovsk Territory and Amur Region) flooded 5 thousand 725 residential buildings, inhabited by 31 thousand 182 people. 8 thousand 347 household plots are also flooded with water. 15 thousand 322 people were evacuated from dangerous zones. On August 18, the level of the Amur River in the Khabarovsk region exceeded the historical maximum and amounted to 647 cm above normal. The previous highest figure - 642 cm - was set in 1897.
Flood– temporary significant flooding of an area as a result of rising water in a river, lake or sea, as well as the formation of temporary watercourses. Floods, along with wars, epidemics, earthquakes and fires, are considered one of the greatest disasters in the history of many nations.
Catastrophic flooding- flood, resulting in casualties, damage to human health, destruction or destruction of objects and other material assets on a significant scale, as well as causing serious damage to the environment.
Floods occur for the following reasons:
· seasonal melting of snow cover;
· melting of glaciers and snow cover in the mountains;
· intense rains;
· jams and jams (jams occur in the spring when rivers open up and the ice cover is destroyed, they are characterized by the accumulation of ice in the river bed, which impedes its flow; jams are the accumulation of loose spongy sludge and finely broken ice in the river bed);
· wind surges of water (surge waves);
· tsunami;
· baric waves;
· destruction of dams and other hydraulic structures.
A short-term rise in water level in rivers and other bodies of water, occurring as a result of melting snow, ice, heavy rains, etc., is called flood. Such floods are observed on most rivers of the Russian Federation.
High water- a river flood that occurs at a certain time due to the melting of snow and ice, seasonal rains, congestion, and gluttony. It is characterized by a significant and rather long-term rise in the water level in the river.
Floods caused by seasonal, usually spring, snow melting are periodically observed on most rivers in the European part of the Russian Federation and Siberia. The occurrence of catastrophic flooding is facilitated by congestion that occurs in the spring when rivers open up and the ice cover collapses. The jam water level on the Yenisei and Tom, for example, can reach 7-10 m, and on the Lower Tunguska - sometimes 20 m.
Floods resulting from heavy rains are typical for Siberia and Far East.
Tsunami waves formed during the eruption of underwater volcanoes and underwater earthquakes . Unlike wind waves, they cover the entire thickness of the water. In the open ocean, the speed of propagation of tsunami waves is about 800 km/h, the height is about 0.5 m, but with access to coastal shallow water, their height quickly increases and in some cases reaches 20-30 m, and sometimes more. Tsunami waves are very dangerous. Simultaneously with tsunami waves, an underwater earthquake occurs “ shock wave”, which travels at the speed of sound (5,400 km/h), that is, 6-7 times faster than a tsunami wave. These phenomena can be recorded by seismographs and hydrophones and warn the population about the danger of a tsunami.
The world's largest tsunamis were recorded: in 1883 on the island of Krakatoa - 36 thousand people died, in 1923 in Japan - 99.3 thousand people died, in 1976 in the Philippine Islands - 65 thousand people died. In Russia, tsunamis are dangerous for all coastal regions. Particularly strong tsunamis were recorded on the coastline of Kamchatka, Sakhalin and Kuril Islands in 1737, 1780, 1898, 1919, 1923, 1952 and 1963.
Catastrophic flooding may occur during the destruction of dams and other hydraulic structures during earthquakes, prolonged rains and other phenomena. In this case, extensive flood zones arise after the passage of a destructive breakthrough wave.
In terms of frequency of occurrence, area of distribution, and total average annual damage, floods occupy first place in Russia among dangerous hydrological phenomena and processes. By number of casualties and damage, per unit affected area, they occupy second place after earthquakes.
Hydrodynamically dangerous objects include structures or natural formations that create differences in water levels (dams, dams). A feature of flooding during accidents at such facilities is the appearance of a breakthrough, the main damaging factor of the accident, resulting from the rapid fall of water from the upper pool.
In addition to the damaging factors characteristic of other floods (drowning, mechanical injuries, hypothermia), during accidents at hydrodynamically dangerous objects, people are affected by factors caused by the kinetic energy of the breakthrough wave:
· direct dynamic impact on the affected breakout wave;
· traumatic effects of debris of buildings and structures destroyed by a breakthrough wave;
· the damaging effects of various objects involved in the movement of a breakthrough wave.
In case of accidents at such facilities, the total losses of the population located in the zone of influence of the breakthrough wave can amount to 90% at night, and 60% during the day, while from the total losses irrecoverable losses may amount to; at night - 75%, during the day - 40%, and sanitary - 25 and 60%, respectively.
Depending on the extent of flooding, the speed of water movement, the distance of a populated area from a hydraulic structure or a dangerous natural phenomenon, 4 zones of catastrophic flooding are distinguished:
· The first one is adjacent directly to a hydraulic structure, a dangerous natural phenomenon. It extends over a distance of 6-12 km and is characterized by a rapid flow of water with a flow speed of 30 km/h or more.
· The second is the fast current zone (15-20 km/h). Length up to 15-25 km.
· The third is the middle flow zone (10-15 km/h), length up to 30-50 km.
· The fourth zone is a weak current (spill), with a current speed of 6-10 km/h. The length of this zone depends on the terrain and can be 35-70 km.
This division into zones allows rescuers and medical workers to better navigate the current situation in the disaster area, which in turn improves the quality and efficiency of rescue operations.
The magnitude of total losses during sudden flooding can average 20-35% of the population located in the flood zone. In the cold season, they can increase by 10-20%, depending on the duration of the victims’ stay in the water.
IN structure of sanitary losses The majority of victims suffer from symptoms of asphyxia, chills, as well as acute disorders of respiratory and cardiovascular activity, soft tissue injuries, and concussions. Some victims may be in a state of mental disorder. As a result of the flood, a large number of the population becomes homeless, drinking water and food exposed to cold water, wind.
The health consequences of floods are characterized by:
· violation of the existing system of health care provision for the population;
· hypothermia of the population located in the flood zone associated with prolonged exposure to water;
· the occurrence of mechanical injuries (mainly to the limbs and torso) and stress reactions, cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric diseases or aggravation of their course in part of the population;
· disruption of the life support system and the creation of unfavorable conditions leading to the emergence of infectious diseases (a large number of people are left without shelter, drinking water, food, and are exposed to adverse weather conditions);
· significant population migration.
In areas of catastrophic flooding, water supply, sewerage, drainage systems, waste water, waste collection sites and, therefore, there is a danger of the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases. This will also be facilitated by the accumulation of population in a limited area with a significant deterioration in material and living conditions. Patients with traditional intestinal infections- dysentery, colienteritis, dysbacteriosis, salmonellosis. The incidence of hepatitis is increasing. In children's infectious diseases hospitals, the workload increases due to meningococcal infection. Following this, zoonoses may appear - leptospirosis, tularemia.
In case of catastrophic flooding, irretrievable losses significantly exceed sanitary losses. The magnitude and structure of population losses will vary depending on the following circumstances:
The scale of flooding;
Population density in the flood zone;
Timely notification;
Distance of the populated area from the place where the flooding began;
Location of medical facilities;
The height of the flooding wave and the time of its passage;
Water and ambient air temperatures;
Time of year, time of day and other features.
A widespread type of damage during a flood is drowning. Conventionally, drowning is divided into aspiration (“true”), asphyxial and syncope (reflex).
In case of true drowning, water enters the respiratory tract and lungs, which, as a rule, leads to respiratory distress and respiratory hypoxia. Respiratory and vascular disorders in this case are aggravated by vasospasm of the pulmonary circulation and the appearance of metabolic and respiratory acidosis. The skin and mucous membranes of “drowned people”, as a rule, have a bluish color (the so-called “blue drowned people”).
Resuscitation measures include cleansing the oral cavity of foreign objects (algae, mud, etc.), removing water from the lungs, performing artificial ventilation, chest compressions and other measures.
During asphyxial drowning, a small amount of water enters the upper respiratory tract, which causes a reflex cessation of breathing and laryngospasm. Breath holding is accompanied by periods of false breaths, which are ineffective due to laryngospasm. The initial period of asphyxial drowning is practically absent, and the agonal period differs little from that of “true” drowning. The bluishness of the skin and mucous membranes is mild.
When providing medical care First of all, water should be removed from the lungs; when carrying out artificial ventilation of the lungs, laryngeal spasm is overcome with the help of a fixed intense exhalation (the use of oropharyngeal air ducts is desirable).
In syncopal drowning, as a rule, there is a reflex cardiac arrest due to psycho-emotional shock, contact with cold water of the skin and upper respiratory tract. In this case, clinical death occurs immediately. Drowned people have pale skin, lack of pulse in the carotid arteries, and wide pupils. Water does not enter the lungs, and therefore there is no need to waste time trying to remove it; artificial ventilation and chest compressions should be started immediately.
Those rescued during the initial period of drowning retain consciousness, but must be under the control of others, since they may have mental disorders and inadequate reactions to the environment. This is due to the fact that the development of the so-called “secondary” drowning syndrome is possible, when, against the background of relative well-being, a hysterical cough with profuse sputum containing streaks of blood suddenly appears again, breathing and heartbeat become more frequent, hypoxia increases, and cyanosis of the skin occurs. In some cases, such victims may require resuscitation.
> Which regions of the Russian Federation are most exposed to natural disasters
More than 30 types of hazardous natural phenomena are observed on the territory of Russia. The most severe consequences are caused by earthquakes, floods, droughts, forest fires and severe frosts.
On the territory of Russia, the seismic belt runs throughout almost the entire south from the Caucasus to Kamchatka. About 40 percent of the country's territory, where more than 20 million people live, is seismically dangerous; there is a high probability of earthquakes with an intensity of more than 6 points. The situation is aggravated by the fact that more than 20 percent of the territory of the Russian Federation, where nuclear, hydro and thermal power plants and other objects of increased environmental danger are operated, is located in zones of high seismic hazard. In the ten-point zone there are the Chirkeiskaya, Miatlinskaya, Chiryutskaya hydroelectric power stations, in the nine-point zone - the Bilibinskaya NPP, Sayano-Shushinskaya, Belorechenskaya, Irkutsk, Kolyma and Ust-Srednekanskaya hydroelectric power stations, in the eight-point zone - the Zeya HPP. Dozens of hydro and thermal power plants are located in the seven-point zone, including the high-mountain Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station, Novovoronezh and Kola nuclear power plants.
In the regions of the North Caucasus, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands, and the Baikal region, earthquakes with an intensity of 8-9 points are possible. The area of earthquake-prone areas, where earthquakes of magnitude 8 to 9 are possible, is about 9 percent of the territory. The highest frequency of dangerous earthquakes (magnitude 7 or more), which can cause destruction, is observed in Kamchatka and the North Caucasus. Within the seismically dangerous regions of Russia there are 330 large settlements, including 103 cities, the largest of which are Vladikavkaz, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
Low-seismic areas also pose a certain danger. First of all, this is the European part of our country, including the Kola Peninsula, Karelia, the Southern Urals, the Volga region, and the Azov region, where earthquakes with an intensity of up to 5-6 points were recorded, and in the Southern Urals - up to 7-8 points. The frequency of such earthquakes is low: once every 1-5 thousand years.
Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands are at risk of volcanic eruptions: of the 69 active volcanoes in Russia, 29 are located in Kamchatka and 40 in the Kuril Islands. Extinct volcanoes are located in the Caucasus and in the region Mineralnye Vody. On the Kuril-Kamchatka volcanic arc, weak volcanic eruptions are observed almost every year, strong ones - once every few years, and catastrophic ones - once every 50-60 years.
Seismicity and underwater volcanism are closely related to the danger of huge sea waves-tsunamis, to which in Russia parts of the coast of Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and Primorye are exposed. The territories of 14 cities and several dozen settlements are under threat. The recurrence of tsunamis with a force of 4 occurs once every 50-100 years, and less weak ones - 10 times more often. The most destructive tsunami occurred in October 1952, when the city of Severo-Kurilsk was almost completely destroyed, killing about 14 thousand people. Now that half a century has passed, a repeat tsunami is again possible.
The exposure of the territory of our country to dangerous exogenous geological processes and phenomena, as well as the intensity of these processes, increases from north to south and from west to east. Landslide-prone areas occupy about 40 percent of Russia's area. The greatest danger is posed by landslides that develop in the territory of 725 cities in the North Caucasus, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Transbaikalia, and the Volga region. As for avalanches, most emergencies occur from December to March in the North Caucasus, Altai, Sakhalin and Transbaikalia. The maximum volume of snow avalanches in the North Caucasus and Altai can reach several million cubic meters. And in areas with high snow content (Northern Caucasus, Altai, Sayan Mountains, Sakhalin, Khibiny Mountains, Northern Urals, Sikhote-Alin, Kamchatka, Koryak Highlands), several avalanches are possible during the winter from one avalanche collection. The most dangerous are cases of mass avalanches, a kind of “avalanche disaster.” In all mountainous areas they are possible on average once every 7-10 years.
Dangerous slope processes also include mudflows, which are divided by specialists according to their composition into water-snow, water-stone and mud-stone. 20 percent of the country is considered to be prone to mudflows; the most mudslide-prone areas are in the North Caucasus, Altai, Sayan Mountains, Baikal and Transbaikalia, Kamchatka and Sakhalin.
Pulsating glaciers also pose a great danger. Thus, a sharp movement of the Kolka glacier in the Karmadon Gorge in North Ossetia, which occurred on September 20, 2002, caused a huge water-ice-rock mudflow that swept along the valley of the Genaldon River for almost 15 kilometers. Then more than a hundred people died, including members of the film crew of Sergei Bodrov Jr., the village of Nizhny Karmadon was destroyed, as well as several recreation centers.
Dangerous processes include erosion processes, which are widely developed in Russia. Sheet erosion is common wherever there is intense rainfall, and has already affected 56 percent of the area of farmland. Gully erosion develops most intensively in the Central Black Earth region of the European part of Russia.
Almost every year in our country there are major floods, and in terms of the area covered and the material damage caused, these natural disasters surpass all others. The country's territory with a total area of 400 thousand square kilometers is subject to potential flooding; about 50 thousand square kilometers are flooded annually. That is, under water they may end up in different times more than 300 cities, tens of thousands of small settlements with a population of more than 4.6 million people, many economic facilities, more than 7 million hectares of agricultural land. According to experts, the average long-term damage from floods is about 43 billion rubles.
To meteorological natural hazards include squalls, hurricanes, typhoons, hailstorms, tornadoes, catastrophic downpours, thunderstorms, blizzards, and snowfalls. Most often, heavy snowfalls are observed in mountainous and coastal areas characterized by intense cyclonic circulation. Such areas include the North Caucasus, Altai and Western Sayan Mountains, Primorye, Kamchatka and the Sikhote-Alin ridge. The frequency of heavy snowfalls here occurs more than once a year, and in Kamchatka 5-8 times a year. In the European part of Russia, the frequency of such snowfalls is much less - once every 2-10 years.
Droughts are very dangerous in their consequences. The Volga region and the North Caucasus are most susceptible to them - here these dangerous natural phenomena occur every 2-3 years. Droughts are usually accompanied by large-scale fires, causing enormous material damage, especially in the regions of Siberia and the Far East. The situation is further aggravated by insufficiently effective countermeasures - after all, fire prevention measures are expensive, and local authorities are not always ready to spend money on preventive measures. For this reason, observations of forest fires are carried out only in the zone of active forest protection, covering 2/3 of the total forest area of the country. Moreover, the average area of one fire is several times larger than in Western Europe And North America, which only confirms the low level of fire protection of forests in our country.
Based on statistics from the late 20th - early 21st centuries, an average of 280 emergencies a year occur in Russia caused by dangerous natural processes and phenomena, while their greatest frequency is typical for the Southern and Far Eastern Federal Districts.
For the period 1991-2005. In Russia, the average annual increase in the number of OCs is 6.3%. This trend is expected to continue in the future.
The total number of dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena (HEP), including agrometeorological and hydrological, in 2011 amounted to 760, which is 22% less than in 2010, when there were 972. Overall, 2011 was the seventh year (out of 16 considered) years) in the ranking by the number of hydrometeorological hazards that caused damage. A smaller number of hydrometeorological hazards were observed only in the period from 1996 to 2004.
Figure 1 - Distribution of hydrometeorological hazards in the Russian Federation by year: total number (blue) and number of unforeseen hazards (red)
Considering HA across the territory of the federal districts, it should be noted that on the territory of the Siberian Federal District in 2011, 110 cases of HA and complexes of meteorological phenomena of CME were registered (~20% of the total), which is 74 cases of HA (40%) less than in 2010 It should be borne in mind that the Siberian Federal District is the largest in territory and is characterized by active atmospheric processes. In the Southern and North Caucasus federal districts in 2011, the number of OCs and CMEs increased sharply (by 30-50%) compared to 2010, which was due to more active cyclonic and convective processes in the south of the EPR in 2011. In the North Caucasus In the Western, Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts, the number of OCs and CMNs in 2011, compared to 2010, decreased by 30-40%.
Figure 2 - Distribution of hazardous substances across the territory of federal districts in 2010 (first digit) and 2011. (second digit)