Masonry interior walls 38 cm thick, which corresponds to one and a half length of brick, and subject to subsequent plastering, is regulated by a document called a standard technological map for brickwork, and has the number 136/06. What does it say, and how can this document be useful to a person planning to build brick walls with his own hands?

We will present to your attention a more compact version of the map that is understandable to the common reader, and the video in this article will tell you about the organization of masonry work and will help the reader acquire practical skills in this matter.

Organization of the mason's work

If we characterize this document as a whole, then the technological map for the installation of brickwork covers not only the masonry process itself, but also sets requirements for the quality of execution of the work preceding it. It stipulates necessary conditions for carrying out work: the need for materials, methods of their delivery, unloading and storage, construction of masonry not only in the summer, but also at sub-zero temperatures.

The document also pays attention to such issues as the equipment of people, the composition of teams, the division of duties of workers and the sequence of their performance of certain technological operations. Well, now let’s look at all these nuances in more detail point by point.

Qualification of workers and their provision

The construction of a brick facility is carried out by an integrated team, which includes not only masons, but also workers who ensure timely completion of the work that goes along with the masonry.

So:

The brigade consists of several units consisting of at least masons responsible directly for masonry; riggers involved in the movement and delivery of goods; carpenters, who are responsible for scaffolding, scaffolding, ladders and other means providing access to the workplace. In complex teams, which are staffed taking into account the productivity of the leading link of masons, there may also be people from other specialties.

Technological map brickwork outlines a circle preparatory work that need to be completed as part of organizational activities. This list includes: clearing the workplace of debris; checking the horizontality of the base on which the wall will rest; preparing the work front and dividing it into plots, and, if necessary, installing lighting.
The category of preparatory operations also includes the installation of scaffolding and other auxiliary devices, as well as the supply of tools, devices and materials to the workplace, the amount of which will ensure two hours of uninterrupted work. In this case, the tools must be arranged in accordance with the layout of the mason’s workplace.

In addition, workers must be provided with technological documentation, which includes something like the drawing you see above. After all, if the building is being designed, the mason does not figure out which method of masonry to use, but is guided solely by technological schemes presented in the project.

The standard map contains instructions for the construction of a standard version of internal walls constructed from M75 solid ceramic bricks, which are laid on M25 cement-lime mortar.

For such work, a team consisting of two masons is used. One of them should have a 2nd category, and the other – a 4th category. A plot with a length of 8 to 18 m is assigned to such a double link.

Arrangement of the workplace

If the height of the floor walls does not exceed 9 m, masons use inventory scaffolding, which is installed on the interfloor ceiling. If this is, say, an industrial building whose height exceeds this figure, then scaffolding is installed on the ground for masons to work.

The materials are arranged as follows: the pallets on which the structural material is supplied to the floor are placed opposite the narrow partitions, and the containers with the solution are placed opposite the window or door openings. The distance between two boxes with portions of mortar should not exceed 4 m - if the wall does not have openings, then the containers with bricks and mortar are alternated.
When bricks have to be installed on scaffolding, they do not use pallets as containers for them, but those like those in the photo below the container, which is placed in one tier. As you understand, such containers were not chosen in vain - they do not allow the brick stack to crumble, and reduce to zero the accidental possibility of bricks falling down. This recommendation must be taken seriously, as the price one has to pay for carelessness can be too high.

Pay attention! The technological map for the construction of a brick building recommends starting the laying of brick walls of the next floor only when the ceiling above the previous floor is installed, the walls are anchored, and the seams between the slabs are sealed.

What operations does the masonry process consist of?

When erecting brick walls, you have to perform at least a dozen different technological operations.

Their main list looks like this:

Operation name	Brief description
Installation of devices for level masonry	With the help of ordering, control of the horizontal and vertical rows is ensured. This device is made of either an aluminum angle or two wooden slats. Along its entire length there are divisions corresponding to the height of the brick, taking into account the seam.
Mooring line tension	The mooring cord helps control the horizontalness of the upper plane of the entire row during the laying process.
Supplying bricks to the plot and laying them out	So that the mason does not have to reach for each brick to the pallet, it must be laid out on the wall in the design position. In particular, for laying one and a half bricks, they are laid in stacks of two parallel to the axis of the wall. Thanks to the convenient placement of the brick, the mason does not make unnecessary movements. Accordingly, the masonry process accelerates and work productivity increases.
Cutting and hewing bricks	In general, it is advisable to use whole bricks for dressing. But there are situations when this is impossible, and by chopping and trimming, halves or three-quarters are obtained from them.
Working with solution	This includes all actions related to the mortar: mixing it, supplying it to the plot, spreading the mortar bed on the wall and leveling it.
Laying versts of spoon and butt rows	A verst is a row of bricks that is visible from the outside or from the inside of the future premises. In masonry with a thickness of 380 mm, some rows consist of only two miles (spoon and tie row), and in some there is also a backing (middle) row. In this case, all rows in the masonry will be spoon.
Reinforcement of masonry rows	Using steel reinforcing mesh, the rigidity of the masonry is enhanced and the durability of the building is ensured. Strips of mesh are sunk into the mortar bed in every fifth row of masonry.

Sequence of work

After workplace properly prepared, orders are established - both corner and intermediate. Since the location of doorways has to be taken into account from the very first row, their marks are applied to the rows. According to the qualification reference book (ETKS), this should be done by a 4th category mason.

Orders are established in the most critical places: corner areas, intersections or end junctions of walls. On a straight wall without openings, one row can be 15 m apart from another. They are secured with clamps, and the correct position is adjusted with screws, according to the readings of the plumb line and level.
The role of lighthouses during construction brick wall, carry out fines for assailants. This is the name for the elements in the masonry that are necessarily present in those places where it is temporarily interrupted. To make it possible to reliably tie the new masonry with the already erected masonry while continuing work, the fines are made inclined, which is why they were called refuge ones.

Fines can also be vertical, but sheltered ones better ensure the joining of connecting masonry elements. For reliability, steel rods d-8 mm are inserted into the vertical ones.

Pay attention! If there are several units working in a team, each of which serves its own area of masonry, beacons must be provided at the boundaries of the plots. To make this possible, the first front row starts from the corner, from the three-four. The first row of the adjacent wall begins with a whole brick, which is attached to the three-four at an angle.

In the next row, everything is done in the reverse order. For an ignorant person, this instruction may seem incomprehensible, but everything has its own meaning. In this case, thanks to this technique, the bonded rows of one wall come out like spoons on the other side. The laying of the lighthouse foundation also ends with a three-four.

The technological map, the recommendations of which we are talking about here, provides for the installation of masonry under the mooring cord, which is pulled after the laying of the lighthouses. Each row has its own mooring, which is tensioned and rearranged using a special clamp, which you can see in the picture above.
The cord is attached to the lighthouse with a bracket, the blunt end of which rests on the brick in the lighthouse, and the shorter sharp edge goes into the seam of the masonry. The end of the cord is simply wound around the handle of the staple. When the row is completed, the bracket is turned to the desired position and the cord is pulled again. Attaching to the beacon is carried out so that the cord does not sag.
Upon completion of the installation of beacons, fastening and alignment of orders and moorings, they begin to lay out bricks on the wall. Then they spread the mortar on the base, which will serve as a bed for the outer mile, and begin the actual laying.

Important! The technological map for the construction of a brick building, regardless of the ligation system adopted, recommends starting and finishing the laying of any elements with a butted row. It is important that the seams are of the same thickness: vertical 1 cm, horizontal 1.2 cm.

A 2nd grade mason is responsible for laying out the bricks; in order to avoid separation of the cement laitance, he shovels the mortar in the box and delivers it to the wall. The masonry is carried out by a 4th grade mason, using the “press” method on the outer mile. The spoon row, which at the same time forms an internal mile, is placed in the “end-to-end” manner. For laying backfill rows, the “half-fill” method is used, and it is carried out by a 2nd grade mason.

Who needs it? detailed description Laying methods can be found in articles and videos on this topic. If there is an opening in the wall, it is necessary to perform a vertical limitation. Again, three-fours are used, and tarred wooden plugs are also laid, to which window or door blocks will then be mounted.
Reinforcement of the masonry is carried out with metal wire mesh d-5 mm, or with separate reinforcing bars. The mesh, recessed in the horizontal joints, absorbs lateral loads and increases the ability of the masonry to resist compression.
The seam in which the mesh is recessed should be slightly thicker than usual and amount to 14 mm. The maximum mesh size is 12*12 cm, and it is laid in every fifth row of masonry. Their ends of the mesh, protruding 3 mm from the masonry, are then embedded in the plaster coating.

When breaking the masonry, at the points of its connection with the transverse wall, as well as at the floor levels, reinforcement bars d-6 mm are placed in the seams. The number of rods is taken at the rate of one per 12 cm of masonry thickness. Accordingly, the masonry 38 cm thick will be reinforced with three rods.

Important! When joining masonry fragments, the reinforcement is welded. If the connection is made without welding, then the rod must end with a hook and be connected to the counter outlets of the reinforcement with an overlap equal to twenty of its diameters.

The strength of the masonry is also ensured by observing the order of ligation of seams - both transverse and longitudinal. There are two main systems that are used for the construction of working masonry: single-row and multi-row. The most accurate and simplest in terms of labor intensity is the single-row method.
In it, pokes and spoons alternate. In this case, the longitudinal seams are shifted by a distance corresponding to half, and the vertical seams - by a quarter of the length of the brick. In a multi-row system, bonded rows are arranged only after five spoon rows. This scheme provides for shifting bricks in bonded rows by a quarter, and in tray rows by half a brick.

The multi-row system just seems more complex. In fact, the longitudinal seams located between the bonded rows are not tied up at all with this scheme, and backfilling does not require chopping and hewing halves of bricks. All this significantly speeds up the work of masons and allows them to increase the amount of work performed.
In addition to everything that we mentioned throughout the article, the technological map contains information on the performance of work at subzero temperatures: the use of antifreeze additives, methods of strengthening masonry, freezing it, warming it up, and subsequent loading.

It also clearly states the requirements for the quality of masonry work, their control and acceptance. They consist in observing the maximum permissible deviations in the design dimensions of the masonry, as well as the brick used for its construction.

In general, this document contains all the information necessary for both professionals and amateurs to obtain high-quality results.

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Place brick by brick in fresh mortar, end to end along the cord (groove and tongue tying ensures correct placement of bricks). Check the position of the bricks using the level and the rail and correct them using a rubber hammer. Brick blocks should not protrude beyond the foundation or ceiling by more than 25 mm! The bed joint mortar is applied over the entire surface to the outer edges of the wall, but should not protrude outwards, so excess mortar flowing from the bed joint is removed with a spatula. Pockets in the vertical joints of POROTHERM® bricks are completely filled with mortar. When using POROTHERM® bricks, no mortar is applied to vertical joints at all. Before applying bedding mortar under the next row of bricks, wet the top surface of the bricks of the last row laid. The consistency of the masonry mortar should be such that the mortar does not flow into the vertical holes of the bricks!

Lay the next rows in the manner described above so that the distance between the vertical seams of adjacent

rows along the wall was 125 mm (see the previous section, Bonding masonry).

Do not forget to check the height of the masonry rows using a lath and their verticality using a level or plumb line. We also recommend checking that the cord tension is correct from time to time. If the wall is not built according to a length modulus of 250 mm, then you can use the so-called leveling bricks, which are produced for perimeter walls with a thickness of 380 and 510 mm. Using leveling bricks you can fill the space between brick blocks from 90 to 225 mm. Leveling brick consists of two parts of different sizes, which are connected during the manufacturing process. When broken down along the designated section, two parts are obtained - A and B. Thanks to their combination and the use of deep internal grinding, it is possible, if necessary, to fill voids in the thickness of the masonry.

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To bandage masonry with sharp and obtuse corners made of POROTHERM® bricks, the bricks must be sawed. Sawing can be done either on tabletop circular saws or using hand-held power chain saws.

5.4. Laying partitions

First, if necessary, level the floor with mortar. For masonry, use high-quality plastic lime-stone cement mortar. Under the first row of bricks in the partition it is necessary to apply a layer of mortar at least 10 mm thick.

Starting from the second row, lay bricks with a seam of approximately 12 mm. The remaining principles of masonry, i.e. laying bricks, aligning them horizontally and vertically, applying mortar are the same as when laying walls. When connecting a load-bearing partition made of POROTHERM® 25 bricks to a perimeter wall, apply the mortar to the side of the brick and press

brick this side to the perimeter wall. Through the row you need to tie the seam of the load-bearing partition with the perimeter wall according to the instructions in the Types of masonry section.

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When connecting a partition to a load-bearing wall, apply mortar to the side of POROTHERM®12 end bricks, lay the brick and press its side with the applied mortar against the load-bearing wall. With this type of joint, it is necessary to reinforce every other bed seam using a flat stainless steel anchor (for example, using the FD KSF anchor from FISCHER). The horizontal part of the anchor, bent at a right angle, must be pressed into the bed joint solution, and the vertical part must be screwed with a screw and dowel to the load-bearing wall.

Flat stainless steel anchors can also be attached to the wall directly during its construction by installing them in the bed seams at the site where the partition will be joined.

Table 1 - Dimensions of horizontal channels and niches in

masonry, permissible without calculations

Wall thickness (mm)	Additional channels and niches	Lined channels and niches
	maximum depth (mm)	maximum width (mm)	minimum width (mm)	minimum thickness remaining wall (mm)
less than 115



over 300

Notes:

1. The maximum depth of a channel or niche means the depth of any hole made when constructing a channel or niche.

2. As for additionally punched vertical channels that rise above the floor level by no more than 1/3 of the height of the room, a depth of up to 80 mm and a width of up to 120 mm are permissible if the wall thickness is greater than or equal to 225 mm.

3. The horizontal distance between adjacent channels or a channel and a niche or opening must be at least 225 mm.

4. The horizontal distance between two adjacent niches located on one or both sides of the wall should be twice the width of the larger niche.

5. The total width of channels and niches should not exceed the length of the wall multiplied by 0.13.

5.5. Weather conditions

Majority building materials When stored on a construction site, it must be protected from exposure to weather conditions. POROTHERM® bricks must be protected from moisture, and sufficient protection is provided by complete polyethylene packaging. Temperature environment when laying, hardening and hardening of the mortar, it should not fall below + 5 °C either day or night, because otherwise the chemical processes taking place in the mortar may be disrupted, and the solutions may not acquire the properties that were declared by the manufacturer. When laying, you cannot use frozen bricks, i.e. bricks with snow or ice on the surface! It is fundamentally necessary to protect the finished wall from getting wet, since water accumulates in the vertical holes of perforated bricks, which takes a long time to dry. It is especially important to cover the upper surface of walls and window sills with moisture-proof coatings that prevent mortar and easily soluble substances, such as lime, from being washed out of the joints, and also prevent the formation of plaque.

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Pick-up case

1 - gripping arms with a wall;

2 - axis;

Z - pallet with bricks.

Self-tightening grip

1 - grip frame;

2 - tension plates;

Z - clamping beams;

4 - gripping device.

6.3. Workers receiving loads at masons' workplaces must be trained and have a slinger's certificate. A stable radiotelephone connection must be established between the workers and the tower crane operator.

6.4. It is prohibited to throw tools, fixtures, work equipment, construction materials and other items from the floor.

6.5. Before installing carpentry, all window and door openings in the external walls being constructed must be fenced or closed with safety shields (grids).

6.6. Tools, accessories and equipment used in work must comply with standards ( technical specifications), be comfortable, durable, safe for others and kept in good condition.

Brickwork Tools

A - trowel;

b - mortar shovel;

V - jointing for convex and concave seams;

G - hammer-pick;

d - mop.

Test tools

A - plumb line;

b - roulette;

V - folding meter;

G - square;

d - building level;

e - duralumin rule.

6.7. The height of each tier of masonry is set so that the level of the masonry after installing the scaffolding is at least 0.7 m above the level of the working floor (Fig. 26, 27).

Fig.26. Package self-erecting scaffolding

1 - rectangular support in folded position,

2 - flooring,

3 - slings for lifting and changing the height of scaffolding

Fig.27. Boltless tubular scaffolding

A - general view,

b - anchor for fastening scaffolding;

1 - lining,

2 - shoe,

3 - stand,

4 - crossbars,

5 - fencing,

6 - working flooring,

7 - anchor embedded in masonry,

8 - a scaffolding hook connected to an anchor hook,

9 - hooks welded to the crossbars,

10 - pipes welded to the crossbar post.

6.8. It is prohibited to stand on it with your feet or lean your elbows while laying masonry. The flooring used should only be of stock production (Fig. 28, 29). It is prohibited to use pallets, boxes, containers, or other objects not intended for these purposes as scaffolding.

Fig.28. Scheme of rack scaffolding

1 - tape-covered flooring,

2 - complete covering,

Z - runs,

4 - eyes,

5 - top retractable stand,

6 - lower tripod stand.

Fig.29. Panel scaffolding

A - hinged-panel when laying the second tier,

b - portable platform for laying the walls of the staircase;

1 - truss - support,

2 - flooring,

Z - inventory fences.

6.9. The gap between the wall (partition) being erected and the working floor should not exceed 50mm. The flooring of working scaffolds must be regularly (at least 2 times per shift) cleared of debris.

6.10. Protective canopies with a plan size of at least 2 x 2 m must be installed over the working entrances to the section.

6.11. The suspended scaffolds used must be of inventory quality only and subject to periodic inspection

6.12. In areas of masonry of external walls, external inventory protective canopies must be installed in the form of a flooring on brackets (Fig. 30). The brackets are hung on steel hooks - clamps attached to the wall being built along the course of its laying. The first row of protective canopies is installed at around 3.300, and is maintained until the completion of the construction of the external walls. The second row of protective canopies is installed on the outer walls and is rearranged along the course of the masonry every 6 m. It is allowed to use second row flooring made of mesh materials with a cell size of no more than 50 x 50 mm.

Fig.30. Protective visors

A - bracket mounting diagram,

b - canopy installation diagram and awnings;

1 - bracket,

2 - board,

3 - steel hook,

4 - visor,

5 - canopy

6.13. All construction waste generated during the work must be collected in a special container (garbage container) and, as it accumulates, removed from the floor by tower crane for removal off the construction site. Removing construction and household waste by throwing it down through window or door openings or from balcony slabs prohibited.

VII. Quality Assurance Guidelines

7.1. Quality control of bricklaying work on external and internal load-bearing walls and partitions on a typical floor includes:

- acceptance of previously completed installation work preceding the brickwork;

- quality control of building materials and products used for masonry and mounted lintels;

Control of production operations related to the production of stone works and laying of lintels over openings;

7.2. Acceptance of previously completed work prior to the construction of external and internal load-bearing walls and partitions should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of section 2, paragraphs 2.111+2.113 of SNiP 3.03.01-87 and working drawings of the project.

Control of production operations is carried out according to the scheme of operational quality control of stone work and work on the installation of lintels over window and door openings of walls and partitions. The operational quality control scheme is given in the table 7 .1.

Acceptance of finished stone structures is carried out in accordance with the requirements of section 7 paragraphs. 7.86+7.90 SNiP 3.03.01-87 before plastering their surfaces (Fig. 31).

Table7 .1

Controlled Operations	Requirements and approvals	Methods and controls	Who controls and when	Who is involved in control

1.Masonry of load-bearing walls and partitions 1.1. Deviations of the surface of walls and corners from the vertical		Measuring. After 0.5+0.6 m in height Plumb	Master during and after laying.
1.2. Deviation in the width of window and door openings		Measuring as work progresses Tape measure, meter	Master in the process of laying
1.3. Irregularities on the vertical surface of the masonry		Measuring. 2 meter rail	Master in the process of laying
1.4. Deviation of individual rows of masonry from the horizontal		Measuring. Level, steel meter	Master in the process of laying
1.5.Thickness of horizontal seams		Measuring. Steel meter	Master in the process of laying
1.6. Deviation in the width of the walls	- 15mm	Measuring. Roulette	Master in the process of laying
1.7. Offset from the planned position of the alignment axes		Measuring. Roulette	Foreman
1.8. Bandaging of vertical seams of aerated concrete blocks of end walls	block	Measuring. Steel meter	Master in the process of laying
1.9. Deviation of elevation marks of the bottom of window and door openings		Measuring. Level, staff, level	Foreman	Surveyor
2. Arrangement of jumpers over openings 2.1 Deviation of elevation marks of the bottom of the supporting surfaces of the lintels		Measuring. Steel meter	Master in progress
2.2.. Deviation from the horizontal of the laid lintels		Measuring. Steel meter	Master in progress
2.2 Deviation from symmetry (half the difference in the depth of support of the ends of the jumpers)		Measuring. Steel meter	Master in progress and at the end of work
2.3 Installation of metal brackets and thermal bags	According to the project	Visually.	Foreman in the process of performing work

Fig.31. Permissible deviations for brickwork (shown by dotted lines):

A - walls,

b - pillars.

I APPROVED

General Director, Ph.D.

S.Yu. Jedlicka

« 09 » February 2000

SET OF CARDS
LABOR PROCESSES
FOR MASONRY OF BRICK WALLS
ADMINISTRATIVE AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

Chief Engineer

Introductory part

Masonry of complex external walls 2 bricks thick (51 cm) from seven-slit ceramic stones facing with a single ceramic brick

4 Technology and process organization

The walls of the elevator shaft are laid from ceramic single solid bricks with chain ligation of seams using cement-lime mortar M-100.

1 Laying should be done in the following technological sequence:

Laying out axes and marking walls, installing orders and pulling the mooring cord;

Feeding and laying bricks on the base or wall;

Supply and leveling of the solution;

Laying bricks on a bed of mortar;

Laying reinforcing mesh across four rows of masonry.

4.2 Workplace organization

Legend:

Box with solution. 3. Reinforcing mesh.

2. Pallets with bricks. 4. Layout wall.

The direction of movement of the mason.

5 Working methods

1 Layout of bricks for laying the butt row of the outer mile

Bricklayer K-2 places them in stacks of two bricks on the inside with a spoon along the axis of the wall.

5.2 Distribution of mortar and laying of the bonded row of the outer verst

Bricklayer K-2 delivers the mortar with a shovel and distributes it in a bed over a length of 80 - 100 cm, retreating 1.5 - 2 cm from the edge of the wall.

Bricklayer K-1 levels the mortar bed with a trowel to a length of 40 - 50 cm, scoops up part of the mortar to the mortar face of the previously laid brick and, pressing the laid brick against the trowel blade, takes it out and sets the brick down with hand pressure.

Excess mortar is trimmed with a trowel and dumped onto the masonry.

5.3 Layout of bricks for laying the spoon row of the inner mile

Bricklayer K-2 lays out the brick with a spoon edge parallel to the axis of the wall on its outer mile.

1. Scope of application

A typical technological map has been developed for the construction of brick walls.

1.1 The map is intended for organizing the work of workers when laying brick walls and partitions.

1.2 Requirement for materials:

for 1 brick: bricks 402 pcs.

solution 0.237m

for 10 m partitions with a thickness of 0.5 bricks:

bricks 510 pcs., mortar 0.23 m

2. Organization and technology of work execution

Scheme of supplying materials to the mason's workplace

2.1 The slinger slings the load, moves to a safe distance and gives the crane operator a command to lift the element by 30 cm. After making sure that the sling is secure, he gives the command to lift and move the load. The crane operator, at his signal, moves the load to the installation site.

Fig.1. Scheme for supplying materials to the mason’s workplace (symbols):

S, S, k, r - the place of the slingers, the mason team and workers during lifting, moving and lowering the load;

C, C - the slingers' workplace during the reception (installation) of the load: the load is at a height of 30 cm from the installation site, and the crane boom is stopped.

2.2 When the load approaches the installation site, the team of masons and slinger must be in the specified position outside the danger zone.

2.3 Slinger Supervises the guidance and lowering of the load to the required location.

2.4 When the load is at a height of 30 cm from the scaffolding, the slinger enters the danger zone; making sure that the load is above the installation site, gives a signal, the crane operator smoothly lowers the load onto the scaffolding

2.5 Slinger C, having made sure that the load is installed correctly, gives a command to the crane operator to loosen the cable and unslings the load.

Basic instructions for organizing work

2.6 When carrying out bricklaying work, the building is divided into sections, and sections into plots depending on the number of links. The brickwork of the floor, in height, is divided into tiers no more than 1.2 m high (Fig. 2, 3).

Fig.2. Scheme of organization of brickwork of internal walls in tiers:

1- scaffolding

2- box with solution

3- pallet with bricks

Fig.3. Scheme of loading scaffolds during operation

The first tier is made directly from the flooring. Subsequent tiers are laid out from hinged panel scaffolds PPU-4 or from metal boltless scaffolding GOST 27321-87 (Fig. 4). When laying walls and partitions at a height of 0.7 m from the working floor and at a distance from its level behind the wall being built to the ground surface (floor) of more than 1.3 m, workers are required to use safety belts.

Fig.4. Layout diagram in height with metal tubular boltless scaffolding

2.7 Installation of prefabricated structures is carried out in parallel with brickwork in accordance with the PPRk. Prefabricated reinforced concrete lintels are laid along the course of the masonry. Also, during masonry, cladding is carried out with various cladding materials and they are secured in the masonry using wire, staples, and anchors.

The bricklaying process consists of the following operations:

Setting up orders (Fig. 5);

Fig.5. Setting orders

Installation and relocation of the mooring (Fig. 6);

Fig.6. Installation and relocation of the mooring

Supplying bricks and laying them out on the wall (Fig. 7, 8);

Fig.7. Scheme of layout of materials when laying a corner

Fig.8. Layout diagram of materials on metal boltless tubular scaffolding

Installation of beacons (Fig. 9, 10);

Fig.9. Installation of lighthouse brick

Fig. 10. Installation of beacons when laying partitions

Shovelling, feeding, spreading and leveling the mortar on the wall (Fig. 11);

Fig. 11. Shovelling, feeding, spreading and leveling mortar on the wall

Laying bricks into the structure (in verst rows, in a row (Fig. 12-16));

Fig. 12. Laying bricks using the following method:

a - start of work;

b - planting the brick in place;

c - cutting the solution

Fig. 13. Laying bricks using the end-to-end method:

a - start of work;

b - planting the brick in place

Fig. 14. Backfill laying:

a - start of work;

b - planting the brick in place

Fig. 15. Laying ceramic stones in studded versts:

a - external (beginning of work);

b - the same (end of reception);

c - internal (beginning of reception);

c - the same (end of reception)

Fig. 16. Laying ceramic stones in a spoon outer verst:

a - applying the solution;

b - stone settlement

Joint jointing (when laying under jointing) (Fig. 17);

Fig. 17. Joint jointing (when laying under jointing)

Checking the correctness of the masonry (Fig. 18);

Fig. 18. Techniques for checking the correctness of masonry:

a - angle with a square;

b - verticality of the angle with a plumb line;

c - horizontal wall using the rule with a level);

g - verticality of the plumb line;

d - verticality of the wall using the rule with a level);

Chopping and cutting bricks (as needed) (Fig. 19)

Fig. 19. Preparation of three-quarters (as needed):

a - marking of cutting places;

b - applying risks;

c - notch;

Brickwork is one of the many types of work that requires the development of a work plan.

PPR for brickwork is developed on the basis of the construction plan, floor plans of the building indicating the walls or partitions to be mounted, sections of the wall structure in cases of multi-layer structures.

Initial data for PPR for masonry

Stroygenplan
Vertical section of the building
Floor masonry plans
Structures and components of walls, partitions
Model or design of remote load-receiving platforms

Description of the work

Before masonry work begins, the walls must be delivered to construction site and the scaffolding, remote and mounted platforms, the necessary devices, equipment and materials are prepared for work. Carry out all safety measures provided for in the PPR.

Delivery of bricks to the site is carried out in packages or on pallets in on-board vehicles. Storage of bricks should be carried out on a planned site on pallets or reinforced concrete slab with a slope of no more than 4 degrees. Unloading of bricks and blocks from on-board vehicles and delivery to the temporary storage site is carried out by an assembly crane in bags on pallets.

Surface preparation requirements

Surfaces to be coated must not have deviations exceeding the tolerances established by GOST 11024-84* and GOST 13015-2003. Walls to be lined must have:

strength of concrete in the structure corresponding to the design strength;
humidity of concrete walls is not more than 4%;

The following requirements apply to concrete wall surfaces to be lined:

the surfaces of all walls must be cleared of concrete deposits, plinth, support beams, etc. from construction waste;
unevenness and differences of more than 1.0 cm must be eliminated, cracks cut and rubbed with cement-sand mortar M100-M150;
vertical deviations of the wall surface when checking with a two-meter strip are within ± 5 mm;

Construction of brickwork according to the PPR, the building is divided into sections (stages), and sections into plots in proportion to the number of worker units. The brickwork of each floor in height is divided into tiers no more than 1.2 m high

The first tier from the floor slab is made directly from the interfloor slab or foundation. Subsequent tiers are laid out from construction scaffolding or from metal clamp scaffolding in accordance with GOST 27321-87. When laying walls and partitions of a building at a height of no more than 0.7 m from the working floor and when the distance from its level to the ground surface or height difference is more than 1.3 m, workers are required to use safety belts.

Organization of stone works

We take the total width of workplaces to be 2.5 - 2.6 m, including the working area 60 - 70 cm).

Preparation of workplaces for laying walls is carried out according to the instructions of the work project in the following order: install scaffolding; place pallets with bricks (foam concrete or gas silicate blocks) on the scaffolding in quantities sufficient for two hours of work; arrange a box for the solution; outline the orders indicating the marks of window and door openings, etc.

The masonry process consists of the following operations: installation and relocation of the berth; cutting and cutting bricks (foam concrete blocks) as necessary; supplying bricks (blocks) and laying them out on the wall; mixing, feeding, spreading and leveling the cement mortar on the wall; laying bricks or blocks into a structure; jointing; and finally, checking the correctness of the masonry.

The thickness of the brickwork joints should be 10 mm or determined in the PPR for the masonry. In case of forced ruptures, the masonry should be made in the form of a vertical or shelter penalty.

To begin laying, fix the corner and intermediate orders plumb and level. The notches for each row of masonry in all orders must be in the same horizontal plane. Install orders either at corners or at places where walls intersect or adjoin, as well as on straight sections of the external walls of a building at a distance of 10 to 15 m from one another. Having secured and verified the order at the corners, lay out the beacons from cement mortar like a shelter fine. When laying external walls, the upper mooring cord should be installed for each row, pulling it at the level of the top of the bricks being laid with a vertical indentation from the edge of the masonry by 1 - 2 mm into the building (from the worker's side).

How to break masonry with a vertical fine: lay a mesh (reinforcement) A1 into the seams of the masonry from longitudinal rods with a diameter of no more than 6 mm, from transverse rods - no more than 3 mm with a distance of up to 1.5 m along the height of the masonry, as well as at the level of each interfloor building ceilings.

The number of longitudinal reinforcement bars at the rate of 1 bar for every 12.0 cm of wall thickness, but not less than two for a wall thickness of 12.0 cm.

When making joints of reinforcing bars without welding, the ends of the smooth bars should be terminated with hooks and tied with wire overlapping the length of the bars by 20 diameters.

Rows of bricks (blocks) begin to be laid out from the outer mile. Stone masonry of structures and their elements, regardless of the dressing system, must begin and end with a bonded row.

The laying of the wall is carried out by a team of 2 people, masons of the 4th and 2nd categories. The link is assigned to the work area (plot) allocated to it for the entire period (stage) of masonry. Masonry is carried out from the inside of the wall (from inside the building) from inventory scaffolding or scaffolding.

In the process of masonry, work in the workers' section is distributed as follows:

When laying the outer mile of the butt row- a 2nd grade mason takes 2 face bricks (or blocks), stepping back 50-60 cm from the edge of the grip, lays the bricks on the inner surface of the wall or partition being laid with butt edges parallel to the wall, laying two bricks at a time of 12-13 cm between stacks , then the shovel takes the solution from the pallet and distributes it on the outer half of the wall in the form of a strip 20-24 cm wide, with a thickness of 2 - 2.5 cm, and a distance from the edge of the walls of 1.5 - 2 cm.

At the same time, a 4th grade mason carries out the masonry “pressed”. Using a trowel, he levels the mortar, then brings the brick to the laying site, and with a trowel in his right hand, he scoops up part of the mortar from the pallet to the side of the bed prepared for the bricks to be laid, and applies it to the spoon edge, then presses the brick tightly against the previously laid one, pressing it against the trowel blade and at the same time pulls the trowel right hand. According to the PPR for stone works, then by pressing the brick being laid, the mason forms a vertical transverse seam of the masonry from the mortar. The mason sets the newly laid brick down to the level of previously laid bricks (blocks) by pressing his left hand and lightly tapping with a trowel. The mason cuts the mortar squeezed out onto the wall surface with a trowel and throws it into the mortar bed.

When laying the outer verst of a spoon row A 2nd category mason takes two face bricks from the package and, stepping back 50 - 60 cm from the edge of the plot, lays them out on the inner surface of the wall with spoon edges parallel to the axis of the wall, in stacks of two bricks with an interval of one brick between the stacks. Then he spreads the mortar on the outer verst in the form of a bed 10 - 11 cm wide, 2 - 2.5 cm thick. A 4th grade mason lays the outer verst "pressed", limiting it at the end of each plot with a refuge fine.

When laying the inner verst of a spoon row a mason of the 2nd category lays out a brick (or block) on the outer verst in the same order as previously described for laying the outer verst of a spoon row, but then spreads the mortar on the inner half of the wall for laying the inner verst and backfilling. A 4th grade mason lays the inner verst of the spoon row end-to-end, raking the mortar with the butt edge of the brick in the same way as for the outer verst.

When laying the inner mile of the butt row A 2nd grade mason must lay out ordinary brick on the outer verst, while not allowing any deviation from the edge of the plot, spread the cement mortar on the inner half of the wall of the building in the same order as for the outer verst. A 4th grade mason performs end-to-end masonry. Leveling the mortar with a construction trowel and holding the brick in an inclined position with his left hand, he uses the spoon edge of the brick to scoop out part of the mortar from the bed 5 - 6 cm from the previously laid brick. Gradually leveling the position of the brick to horizontal, the mason moves it along with the mortar to the previously laid one, in this case a vertical seam should form, then sets the brick on the mortar to the level of the previously laid bricks (blocks) by pressing the hand and tapping the trowel. The cement mortar squeezed out onto the wall surface is trimmed by the mason with a trowel, then thrown into the mortar bed.

When laying backfill A 2nd grade mason, following a 4th grade mason laying out the inner mile of the row, takes one brick in each hand and places them in the backfill using the “half-butt” method. To do this, you need to hold the bricks almost flat, scoop up the mortar with their spoon edges to fill the vertical seam and press it tightly to the mortar bed so that the upper horizontal plane of the bricks laid in the backfill is at the same level as the milestone ones. Completely vertical joints are filled only when spreading the mortar for the next row of masonry. A bricklayer of the 4th category, having completed the inner mile, moves on to laying bricks in the backfill, while a bricklayer of the 2nd category gives him bricks.

Joining seams

The jointing is carried out by a mason of the 2nd or 4th category simultaneously with the laying of the external walls, and the horizontal joints are opened first, and then the vertical ones. As a rule, partitioning of partition walls is not carried out. Masons grout joints first with a wide part of the joint, and then with a narrower part after grouting the joint surface.

What does PPR look like on masonry?

Examples of PPRs developed by us

JSC "INTERSTROYBASIS"

Project for the construction of roofing and masonry internal partitions and walls for the project “Reconstruction of the building: Moscow, Central Administrative District, Spartakovsky Lane, 2, building 1 for the Administrative Complex”

LLC "GENPROEKTSTROY"

Project for the production of masonry work for the project “Construction of a multifunctional sports, recreational, administrative and social complex at the address: Moscow, Northern Administrative Okrug, Khovrino district, Lyapidevskogo st., vl. 1 (building 4)”

LLC "201 UNR"

Project for the production of masonry work for the project “Moscow region, Krasnogorsk, Opalikha microdistrict, Anninskaya street. Stage 3 of construction Multi-apartment residential building with built-in premises and parking closed type. Building 6, sections 3 and 4."

LLC "Investstroykompleks+"

Development of PPR for stone work on the object “Multi-storey residential building with public premises in the stylobate part at the address: Moscow Region, Khimki, Lobanovo microdistrict, building 8”