In the village of Nikolskoye, on a holiday, people went to mass. The cowgirl, the headman and the groom remained in the manor's yard. The cowgirl went to the well for water. The well was right in the yard. She pulled out the tub, but couldn’t hold it. The tub fell off, hit the wall of the well and tore off the rope. The cowgirl returned to the hut and said to the headman:
- Alexander! get down into the well, father, - I missed the tub. - Alexander said:
- You missed it, you get it. “The cowgirl said that she would probably climb herself, just so that he would lower her.”
The elder laughed at her and said:
- Well, let's go. You are now on an empty stomach, so I will hold you; and after lunch I can’t hold it back.
The headman tied a stick to a rope, and the woman sat astride it, took hold of the rope and began to climb down into the well, and the headman began to lower her by the wheel. The well was only six arshins deep, and there was only an arshin of water standing. The headman slowly lowered the wheel and kept asking: “More, or what?” The cowgirl screamed from there: “Just a little more!”
Suddenly the elder felt that the rope had become loose; he called out to the cowgirl, but she did not answer. The elder looked into the well and saw that the woman was lying in the water with her head and upside down. The headman began to shout and call the people; but there was no one there. Only one groom came. The elder told him to hold the wheel, and he pulled out the rope, sat on a stick and climbed into the well.
As soon as the groom lowered the headman to the water, the same thing happened to the headman. He threw the rope and fell headfirst onto the woman. The groom began to shout, then ran into the church after the people. Mass had departed, and the people were leaving the church. All the men and women ran to the well. Everyone crowded around the well, and everyone shouted their own, but no one knew what to do. The young carpenter Ivan made his way through the crowd to the well, grabbed the rope, sat on a stick and ordered himself to be lowered. Ivan just tied himself to the rope with a sash. Two of them lowered him, and the others all looked into the well to see what would happen to Ivan. As soon as he began to reach the water, he threw the rope with his hands and would have fallen, but the sash held him. Everyone shouted: “Pull him back!” - and Ivan was pulled out.
He hung on the sash as if dead, his head also hung and beat against the edges of the well. The face was blue?purple. They took him out, took him off the rope and laid him on the ground. They thought he was dead; but he suddenly breathed heavily, began to choke and came to life.
Then they wanted to climb more, but one old man said that it was impossible to climb, because there was bad air in the well, and that this bad air was killing people. Then the men ran for the hooks and began to pull out the elder and the woman. The elder's wife and mother cried out at the well, others calmed them down, and the men hooked them in the well with hooks and tried to pull out the dead. Once or twice they dragged the elder to half the well by his dress; but he was heavy, the dress was torn, and he broke down. Finally, they hooked him onto two hooks and pulled him out. Then they pulled out the cowgirl too. Both were already completely dead and did not come back to life.
Then, when they began to inspect the well, they found out for sure that there was bad air at the bottom of the well.
Cheshire Cat
Harmful impurities and gases of atmospheric air
Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas.
More details at http://www.vesteco.ru/injur.html
Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas.
Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a suffocating odor.
Lead is a cumulative poison. It gradually accumulates in the human body because its elimination rate is very low.
Hydrocarbons are released into the atmosphere in the form of droplets and vapors.
How can you explain the presence of impurities in the air? What harm do they cause to living organisms?
ELENA
Valera Matveev
1) Inert and harmful gases emitted into the atmosphere are the cause
2) various production processes
3) also dust (organic and inorganic origin)
hmm... harm... well, of course it’s not medicinal))) feeling unwell. Everything depends on the specificity of the sources of release of these impurities. In any case, they are harmful and dangerous for humans and living things. organisms
COMMENTS FLAG VIOLATION!
List what else is in the air?
In the village of Nikolskoye, on a holiday, people went to mass. The cowgirl, the headman and the groom remained in the manor's yard. The cowgirl went to the well for water. The well was right in the yard. She pulled out the tub, but couldn’t hold it. The tub fell off, hit the wall of the well and tore off the rope. The cowgirl returned to the hut and said to the elder:
- Alexander! Get down into the well, father, - I missed the tub.
Alexander said:
- You missed it, you get it.
The cowgirl said that she would probably climb herself, just so that he would lower her.
The elder laughed at her and said:
- Well, let's go. You are now on an empty stomach, so I will hold you; and after lunch I can’t hold it back.
The headman tied a stick to a rope, and the woman sat astride it, took hold of the rope and began to climb down into the well, and the headman began to lower her by the wheel. The well was only six arshins deep, and there was only an arshin of water standing. The headman slowly lowered the wheel and kept asking:
- More, or what?
The cowgirl shouted from there:
- A little more!
Suddenly the elder felt that the rope had weakened; he called out to the cowgirl, but she did not answer. The elder looked into the well and saw that the woman was lying in the water with her head and upside down. The headman began to shout and call the people; but there was no one there. Only one groom came. The elder told him to hold the wheel, and he pulled out the rope, sat on a stick and climbed into the well.
As soon as the groom lowered the headman to the water, the same thing happened to the headman. He threw the rope and fell headfirst onto the woman. The groom began to shout, then ran into the church after the people. Mass had departed, and the people were leaving the church. All the men and women ran to the well. Everyone crowded around the well, and everyone shouted their own, but no one knew what to do. The young carpenter Ivan made his way through the crowd to the well, grabbed a rope, sat on a stick and ordered himself to be lowered. Ivan just tied himself to the rope with a sash. Two of them lowered him, and the others all looked into the well to see what would happen to Ivan. As soon as he began to reach the water, he threw the rope with his hands and would have fallen headlong, but the sash held him.
Everyone shouted:
- Drag him back! - And Ivan was pulled out.
He hung on the sash as if dead, his head also hung and beat against the edges of the well. The face was blue-purple. They took him out, took him off the rope and laid him on the ground. They thought he was dead; but he suddenly breathed heavily, began to choke and came to life. 
Then they wanted to climb more, but one old man said that it was impossible to climb, because there was bad air in the well and that this bad air was killing people. Then the men ran for the hooks and began to pull out the elder and the woman. The elder's wife and mother cried out at the well, others calmed them down, and the men hooked them in the well with hooks and tried to pull out the dead. Once or twice they dragged the elder to half the well by his dress; but he was heavy, the dress was torn, and he broke down. Finally, they hooked him onto two hooks and pulled him out. Then they pulled out the cowgirl too. Both were already completely dead and did not come back to life.
Then, when they began to inspect the well, they found out for sure that there was bad air at the bottom of the well.
Environmental problems are becoming increasingly acute modern humanity. A particularly serious issue is the quality of air, which is polluted by exhaust gases and emissions from industrial enterprises. To meet the enemy fully armed, you should familiarize yourself with the MPC harmful substances in the air.
Maximum concentrations of harmful substances in atmospheric air
What is MPC? MAC is the maximum permissible concentration chemical elements and their compounds in the air, which does not cause negative consequences in living organisms. Standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances are approved by law and controlled by sanitary and epidemiological services (in Russia - Rospotrebnadzor) using toxicological studies. The maximum permissible concentration for each substance hazardous to health is included in GOSTs, compliance with which is mandatory. If any enterprise violates the MPC norms, it will be fined or even closed down. The maximum permissible concentration is set for people who are most susceptible to the influence of chemicals (children, the elderly, people with respiratory diseases, etc.). The MPC value for air is measured in mg/m3; there is also a maximum permissible concentration for water, soil and food.
Maximum concentration limits for harmful substances in atmospheric air vary:
- MPC MR – maximum single concentration of a substance. It should not affect living organisms for 20–30 minutes.
- MPC SS – average daily concentration. This maximum permissible concentration should not have a negative impact on living organisms for an indefinitely long time.
Hazard classes of substances
Based on the degree of impact on the body, harmful substances are divided into four hazard classes. Each hazard class has its own maximum permissible concentration. The following hazard classes of substances in atmospheric air are distinguished:
- extremely dangerous substances (maximum concentration limit less than 0.1 mg/m3);
- highly hazardous substances (MPC 0.1–1 mg/m3);
- moderately hazardous substances (MPC 1.1–10 mg/m3);
- low-hazard substances (maximum permissible concentration more than 10 mg/m3).
There is also a classification of harmful substances according to their effect on a living organism. Moreover, some substances belong to several classes at once:
- Generally toxic – substances that cause poisoning of the body as a whole. When exposed to them, convulsions and disorders are observed nervous system, paralysis
- Irritants – substances that affect the skin, mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, lungs, eyes, nasopharynx. Long-term exposure leads to respiratory problems, intoxication and death.
- Sensitizers are chemicals that cause an allergic reaction.
- Carcinogens are one of the most dangerous groups of substances that provoke the occurrence of oncological diseases.
- Mutagens are substances that change a person’s genotype. They reduce the body's resistance to disease, cause early aging and can affect the health of the offspring.
- Affecting reproductive health - substances that cause developmental abnormalities in the offspring (not necessarily in the first generation).
Below is a table of the maximum permissible concentrations of some harmful substances in the atmospheric air, established in Russian Federation:
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Another name for carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide, is familiar to us from an early age. It is often found in everyday life - for example, CO is released due to malfunctions geysers and cookers. For poisoning with this gas, a very small concentration is needed. Carbon monoxide is colorless and odorless, which makes it even more dangerous. Intoxication occurs rapidly; a person can lose consciousness in a matter of seconds. Despite the fact that the hazard class of carbon monoxide is fourth, its exposure leads to death in just a few minutes. If you feel difficulty breathing, headache, lack of concentration, decreased hearing and vision, you must, if possible, open all windows and doors and leave the room as quickly as possible.
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia is a colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor. It is known to most as a ten percent aqueous solution - ammonia. Although inhaling ammonia vapor has a stimulating effect and helps with fainting, you should be careful with this gas. Ammonia irritates the mucous membrane of the eyes, causes suffocation, and at high concentrations leads to corneal burns and blindness, affects the nervous system to the point of irreversible changes, reduces the cognitive functions of the brain, and provokes hallucinations.
Xylene (C8H10)
Xylene belongs to the third class of danger; it can cause acute and chronic damage to the hematopoietic organs. Xylene is a colorless liquid, but with a characteristic odor, which is used as an organic solvent for the manufacture of plastics, varnishes, paints, and construction adhesives. In small concentrations, xylene does not harm humans in any way, but with prolonged inhalation of xylene vapors, drug addiction appears. Xylene also affects the nervous system and causes irritation to the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes.
Nitric oxide (NO)
Nitric oxide is a toxic, colorless gas. It does not irritate the respiratory tract, so it is difficult for a person to feel it. NO reacts with hemoglobin and forms methemoglobin, which blocks the airways and causes oxygen deprivation. When interacting with oxygen, the gas turns into nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Sulfur dioxide, or sulfur dioxide, has a characteristic odor similar to that of a burning match. Inhaling SO2, even in small concentrations, can lead to inflammation of the respiratory tract, causing coughing, runny nose and hoarseness. Long-term exposure provokes speech defects, a feeling of lack of air, and pulmonary edema. Damage to lung tissue is also possible, but this does not appear until several days after exposure. People with diseases of the respiratory system, for example, are most susceptible to the effects of SO2.
Toluene (C7H8)
Toluene enters the human body not only through the respiratory system, but also through the skin. Symptoms of toluene poisoning are irritation of the mucous membrane of the eyes, lethargy, disturbances in the functioning of the vestibular apparatus, hallucinations. Toluene is also extremely fire hazardous and has a narcotic effect. Until 1998, it was part of Moment glue and is still contained in some varnish and paint solvents.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas with an odor reminiscent of rotten eggs. Being highly toxic, H2S primarily affects the nervous system, causing severe headaches, seizures and can lead to coma. The lethal concentration of hydrogen sulfide is approximately 1,000 mg/m3. At a concentration of 6 mg/m3, headaches, dizziness and nausea begin.
Chlorine (Cl2)
Chlorine gas has a yellow-green color and a pungent, irritating odor. Some of the first symptoms of chlorine poisoning are red eyes, coughing attacks, chest pain, and increased body temperature. Possible development of bronchopneumonia and bronchitis. Being a strong carcinogen, chlorine provokes the occurrence of cancer and tuberculosis. At high concentrations, death can occur after a few breaths.
Formaldehyde (HCOH)
The content in the air is especially high in large cities, since it is a product of combustion of vehicle fuel. Formaldehyde emissions also occur in chemical, tanning and wood processing plants. It negatively affects genetic material, reproductive and respiratory systems, liver, and kidneys. Poisoning begins with increasing damage to the nervous system - with dizziness, feelings of fear, trembling, uneven gait, etc. Formaldehyde is officially recognized as a carcinogen, but it also has allergenic, mutagenic and sensitizing effects.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Nitrogen dioxide is a poisonous gas of red-brown color with a characteristic pungent odor. It is formed as a result of the combustion of automobile fuel, the activities of thermal power plants and industrial enterprises. At the initial stage of exposure, nitrogen dioxide disrupts the functioning of the upper respiratory tract, and subsequently can cause bronchitis, inflammation or pulmonary edema. This gas is most dangerous for people suffering from bronchial asthma and other pulmonary diseases. Because of the color of nitrogen dioxide, its emissions are called “foxtail.” This gas is associated with the fox not only by its color, but also by its cunning: in order to “hide” from people, it impairs the sense of smell and vision, so it is not so easy to detect.
Phenol (C6H5OH)
Phenol is one of the industrial pollutants that is harmful to animals and humans. When inhaling phenol vapors, loss of strength, nausea, and dizziness occur. Phenol negatively affects the nervous and respiratory systems, as well as the kidneys, liver, etc. The use of phenol often leads to disastrous consequences. In the seventies in the USSR it was used in the construction of residential buildings. People who lived in “phenolic houses” complained of poor health, allergies, cancer and other ailments. Although phenol-formaldehyde resins are used in furniture making, building materials and much more, unscrupulous manufacturers may exceed the permissible limit or use low-quality chemicals.
Benzene (C6H6)
Benzene is a dangerous carcinogen. In case of benzene vapor poisoning in humans, headache, nausea, mood swings, heart rhythm disturbances, and sometimes fainting. Constant exposure to benzene on the body is manifested by fatigue, bone marrow dysfunction, leukemia, and anemia. Often the first sign of benzene poisoning is euphoria, since inhaling its vapors has a narcotic effect. This chemical compound is part of gasoline and is used to produce plastics, dyes, and synthetic rubber.
Ozone (O3)
This gas, which has a characteristic odor and is blue in color at high concentrations, protects us from ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Ozone is a natural antiseptic and disinfects water and air. Another thing that speaks in favor of ozone is that the air after a thunderstorm, saturated with ozone, seems fresh and invigorating to us. Unfortunately, ozone causes extremely unpleasant consequences. It aggravates allergies, aggravates heart disease, reduces immunity and causes breathing problems. Ozone acts slowly, but is extremely harmful in the long term - this gas is especially dangerous for children, the elderly and asthmatics.