Municipal budget educational institution
“Secondary school No. 4, Shebekino, Belgorod region”
Features of solving and evaluating tasks 22-28 Unified State Exam in biology
Prepared by: Arnautova Natalya Zakharovna,
teacher of chemistry and biology
MBOU "Secondary school No. 4, Shebekino, Belgorod region"
2017
EXAMINATION PLAN for the Unified State Exam in Biology
Generalization and application of knowledge about humans and the diversity of organisms
Task C4 (25) includes questions related to the content blocks “System and diversity of the organic world” and “The human body and its health.”
SYSTEM AND DIVERSITY OF THE ORGANIC WORLD
each amino acid is delivered to the ribosomes by one tRNA, therefore, the number of amino acids in a protein is equal to the number of tRNA molecules involved in protein synthesis;
each amino acid is encoded by three nucleotides (one triplet, or codon), so the number of coding nucleotides is always three times greater, and the number of triplets (codons) is equal to the number of amino acids in the protein;
Solving cytology problems to apply knowledge in a new situation
Task C6 (26) includes tasks in cytology related to the processes of implementation of hereditary information and cell division.These problems are good because the questions are specific and precise. On the other hand, they are quite complex and require a deep understanding of the processes in question. An important point when solving tasks C5, it is necessary to explain the actions being performed, especially if the problem says: “Explain your answer.” The presence of explanations allows the evaluator to draw a conclusion about the student’s understanding of this topic, and their absence can lead to the loss of a very important point.
Task C6 (26) is worth three points, which are awarded in case of a completely correct solution. Therefore, when starting a task, first of all it is necessary to highlight all the issues. The number of answers must correspond to them, otherwise you may also lose a point.
When solving a number of problems in this section, it is necessary to use the genetic code table. The rules for using the table are usually indicated in the assignment, but it is better to learn this in advance. To determine the amino acid encoded by a particular triplet, you must perform the following steps. We find the first nucleotide of the triplet in the left vertical row, the second in the upper horizontal row,
the third is in the right vertical row. The desired amino acid is located at the intersection point of the imaginary lines,
coming from nucleotides.
TASKS ON QUANTITATIVE RELATIONS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HEREDITARY INFORMATION
must be indicated in the explanations following:
each tRNA has an anticodon complementary to the mRNA codon, therefore the number of anticodons, and therefore the number of tRNA molecules in general, is equal to the number of mRNA codons;
mRNA is complementary to one of the DNA strands, so the number of nucleotides in mRNA is equal to the number of nucleotides in DNA. The number of triplets, of course, will also be the same.
Problem 1 . 75 tRNA molecules were involved in translation. Determine the number of amino acids that make up the protein being synthesized, as well as the number of triplets and nucleotides in the gene that encodes this protein.
Solution .
One tRNA molecule delivers one amino acid to the ribosome. 75 tRNA molecules were involved in translation, therefore, the synthesized protein includes 75 amino acids.
Each amino acid is encoded by one DNA triplet, so the region of DNA encoding a given protein contains 75 triplets.
Each triplet is three nucleotides, therefore, the indicated DNA section contains 75 x 3 = 225 nucleotides.
Answer:75 amino acids, 75 DNA triplets, 225 DNA nucleotides.
TASKS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF mRNA MOLECULES, tRNA ANTICODONS AND DETERMINATION OF AMINO ACIDS SEQUENCE IN PROTEINS
When solving problems of this type, it is necessary to rememberNecessarily indicate in explanations following:
mRNA nucleotides are complementary to DNA nucleotides;
instead of thymine, uracil is written in all types of RNA;
mRNA nucleotides are written in a row, without commas, since one molecule is meant;
tRNA anticodons are written separated by commas, since each anticodon belongs to a separate tRNA molecule;
we find amino acids using the genetic code table;
if a table of the genetic code for mRNA is given, thenuse mRNA codons :
amino acids in a protein are written with a hyphen, because it means that they have already combined and formed the primary structure of the protein.
Task 2. A fragment of a DNA chain has the sequence ACCGTTTGCCCAAT. Determine the nucleotide sequence of mRNA, tRNA anticodons and amino acid sequence in the synthesized protein.
Solution.
Task 3.
What chromosome set is characteristic of the embryonic and endosperm cells of the seed and leaves? flowering plant. Explain the result in each case.
Answer:
1) in the cells of the seed embryo, the diploid set of chromosomes is 2n, since the embryo develops from a zygote - a fertilized egg;
2) in the endosperm cells of the seed, the triploid set of chromosomes is 3n, as it is formed by the fusion of two nuclei of the central cell of the ovule (2n) and one sperm (n);
3) the cells of the leaves of a flowering plant have a diploid set of chromosomes - 2n, since mature plant develops from the embryo.
The answer includes 2 of the above elements and does not contain biological errors, OR the answer includes 3 of the above elements, but contains minor biological errors
The answer includes 1 of the above elements and does not contain biological errors, OR the answer includes 2 of the above elements, but contains minor biological errors
The answer is wrong
Maximum points
TASK No. 27 (C7)
SOLVING PROBLEMS IN GENETICS FOR APPLYING KNOWLEDGE IN A NEW SITUATION
The condition of genetic problems is often voluminous, therefore, first of all, the condition requires:
highlight the features in question and introduce the appropriate designations;
establish the type of crossing: monohybrid or dihybrid;
establish the nature of inheritance: complete or incomplete dominance, autosomal or sex-linked, independent (in the case of dihybrid crosses) or linked;
identify all “characters”, i.e. all individuals indicated in the condition (if there is a large number of such individuals, it is possible to draw up a genealogical diagram for convenience);
establish the genotypes of the “characters” and, if necessary, indicate them in the appropriate diagram;
highlight all the questions posed in the condition.
After this, you can begin to directly solve the problem. To avoid unnecessary losses (meaning points), it is better to accompany all your actions with comments, especially if the problem says “Explain the solution.”
Task. In a family where the parents have normal color vision, the son is color blind.
The genes for normal color vision (D) and color blindness (d) are located on the X chromosome.
Determine the genotypes of the parents, colorblind son, gender and the likelihood of having children who are carriers of the colorblind gene. Make a diagram for solving the problem.
Explanation
1) Genotypes of parents: mother – X DX d, father X DU;2) son’s genotype – colorblind – X dU;
3) the probability of being born as carriers of the color blindness gene (X DX d) – 25%.
The answer includes all the elements mentioned above and does not contain biological errors.
The answer includes 1 of the above elements and does not contain biological errors, OR the answer includes 3 of the above elements, but contains minor biological errors.
The answer includes 1 of the above elements and does not contain biological errors, OR the answer includes 2 of the above elements, but contains minor biological errors.
The answer is wrong
References
1. FIPI project of testing and measuring materials for the Unified State Exam 2018.
2. Demos, specifications, Unified State Exam codifiers 2018. FIPI website.
3. Information about planned changes to the 2018 CMM. FIPI website.
4.Site “I will solve the Unified State Exam”: biology, for an expert.
Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science
(Rosobrnadzor)
02/27/2019 No. 10-151
Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science in accordance with paragraph 21 of the Procedure for conducting state final certification in educational programs basic general education, approved by order of the Ministry of Education of Russia and Rosobrnadzor dated November 7, 2018 No. 189/1513 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on December 10, 2018, registration No. 52953) (hereinafter referred to as the Procedure), sends for use in work recommendations on determining the minimum number of primary points confirming students' mastery of educational programs of the basic general education in accordance with the requirements of the federal state educational standard of basic general education (hereinafter - minimum quantity primary points), recommendations for converting the amount of primary points for examination papers of the main state exam (hereinafter - OGE) and the state final exam (hereinafter - GVE) into a five-point assessment system in 2019.
In accordance with paragraph 22 of the Procedure, executive authorities of the subjects Russian Federation, carrying out public administration in the field of education, ensure the conduct of state final certification for educational programs of basic general education, including determining the minimum number of primary points, and also ensure the transfer of the sum of primary points for examination papers of the OGE and GVE into a five-point assessment system. Application: for 14 l.
Deputy Head: A.A. Muzaev
The scale for converting the primary score for completing the examination work into a mark on a five-point scale.
Biology.
2019 year.
0-12 points - mark “2”
13-25 points - mark “3”
26-36 points - mark “4”
37-46 points - mark “5”
2018
The maximum number of points that an examinee can receive for completing the entire examination work is 46.
0-12 points - mark “2”
13-25 points - mark “3”
26-36 points - mark “4”
37-46 points - mark “5”
The exam results can be used when admitting students to specialized classes high school. A guideline for selection into specialized classes can be an indicator whose lower limit corresponds to 33 points.
2017
The maximum number of points that an examinee can receive for completing the entire examination work is 46.
0-12 points - mark “2”
13-25 points - mark “3”
26-36 points - mark “4”
37-46 points - mark “5”
The exam results can be used when admitting students to specialized classes in secondary schools. A guideline for selection into specialized classes can be an indicator whose lower limit corresponds to 33 points.
2016
The maximum number of points that an examinee can receive for completing the entire examination work is 46.
0-12 points - mark “2”
13-25 points - mark “3”
26-36 points - mark “4”
37-46 points - mark “5”
The exam results can be used when admitting students to specialized classes in secondary schools. A guideline for selection into specialized classes can be an indicator whose lower limit corresponds to 33 points.
2015
The maximum number of points that an examinee can receive for completing the entire examination work is 46.
0-12 points - mark “2”
13-25 points - mark “3”
26-36 points - mark “4”
37-46 points - mark “5”
The exam results can be used when admitting students to specialized classes in secondary schools. A guideline for selection into specialized classes can be an indicator whose lower limit corresponds to 33 points.
2014
The maximum number of points that an examinee can receive for completing the entire examination work is 46.
0-12 points - mark “2”
13-25 points - mark “3”
26-37 points - mark “4”
38-46 points - mark “5”
The exam results can be used when admitting students to specialized classes in secondary schools. A guideline for selection into specialized classes can be an indicator whose lower limit corresponds to 33 points.
2013
The maximum number of points that an examinee can receive for completing the entire examination work is 43.
0-12 points - mark “2”
13-24 points - mark “3”
25-35 points - mark “4”
36-43 points - mark “5”
2012
The maximum number of points that an examinee can receive for completing the entire examination work is 40 points.
0-12 points - mark “2”
13-24 points - mark “3”
25-33 points - mark “4”
34-40 points - mark “5”
The exam results can be used when admitting students to specialized classes in secondary schools. The guideline for selection into specialized classes can be an indicator whose lower limit corresponds to 31 points.
2011
0-11 points - mark “2”
12-21 points - mark “3”
22-32 points - mark “4”
33-43 points - mark “5”
The proposed lower limit of points for marking “3” is a guideline for territorial subject commissions and can be reduced, but not lower than to 11 points.
The exam results can be used when admitting students to specialized classes in secondary schools. A guideline for selection into specialized classes can be an indicator whose lower limit corresponds to 32 points.
2010
0-11 points - mark “2”
12-21 points - mark “3”
22-31 points - mark “4”
32-41 points - mark “5”
2009
0-11 points - mark “2”
12-21 points - mark “3”
22-31 points - mark “4”
32-41 points - mark “5”
Future pharmacists, doctors and agronomists are preparing for the Unified State Exam 2017 in biology. The subject is quite popular, as it is required for admission to many liberal arts universities. Therefore, the closer March 2017 approaches, the greater the excitement around state testing in biology. In the review we will analyze the main structure of CMMs, currently known innovations and educational materials that will help you prepare for the state exam. All this will help the children adequately meet the realities of the biology exam.
Date
The early round traditionally starts in March, and the main one will take place in June.
- Early stage – March 22.
- The main period is June 15.
- Reserve windows are April 5, June 21 and June 30.
Main changes in the Unified State Examination in Biology 2017
While for the most part there are no innovations or plans in other subjects, biology has undergone quite serious changes. Here is their list:
- The duration of the exam has increased - 210 minutes instead of the previous 180;
- the number of questions was reduced from 40 to 28;
- tasks with one answer option have practically disappeared;
- The maximum primary score has been reduced – it is now 59, not 61;
- a new type of questions has appeared that requires working with illustrations, diagrams and graphs.
What does the new structure of KIM in biology look like?
To understand the structure of the testing and measuring material, let’s turn to the demo version of the Unified State Examination in Biology 2017.
The first block of the KIM includes 21 tasks, each of which requires a short answer in the form of several numbers or one or more words. The questions are quite simple. To cope with them, you need to know the basics of biology. For example, task No. 3 will require you to name the number of fish sperm, and two columns in question No. 5 will require you to establish a correspondence between processes and stages energy metabolism. Interestingly, questions 3, 4, 9, 12, 20, 21 have two options. Therefore, the subject will be able to choose the version of the task that seems easiest to him. For those who strive to get maximum points on the Unified State Exam in biology, FIPI has prepared a complex block of tasks consisting of 7 questions. They will require not only an answer, but also a detailed explanation for them. In other words, the examinee must state on paper his train of thought and provide detailed arguments in favor of his decision. Only the most prepared high school students and applicants will be able to cope with such questions.
Evaluation criteria for the Unified State Examination in Biology 2017
There are no exact criteria yet. It is only known that the maximum primary score cannot be higher than 59, and the number of minimum points that the test taker must score to successfully pass the test work is 36.
Points are earned by successfully solving test tasks. Here's what the maximum "reward" for asking questions looks like:
- 1 point: 1, 3, 6;
- 2 points: 2, 4, 5, 7 – 22;
- 3 points: 23 – 28.
For errors or incomplete answers in questions 2, 4, 5, 7 – 28, points may be reduced.
Afterword
This is what a brief excursion into the realities of the unified biology exam looks like. The number of tasks has decreased significantly, testing has become much more interesting, and the time to work has increased by half an hour. Possession of this information will help future high school graduates and applicants adequately prepare for the Unified State Exam!
The demo version is intended in order to enable any examination participant and the general public to get an idea of the structure of the examination paper, the number and form of tasks, as well as their level of difficulty. The given criteria for assessing the completion of tasks with a detailed answer, included in demo version examination work, will allow you to get an idea of the requirements for the completeness and correctness of recording a detailed answer. This information gives graduates the opportunity to develop a strategy for preparing for the biology exam.
Instructions for performing the work
The examination paper consists of two parts, including 32 tasks. Part 1 contains 28 short-answer tasks, part 2 contains 4 long-answer tasks.
3 hours (180 minutes) are allotted to complete the examination work in biology.
Answers to tasks 1-22 are written as one number, which corresponds to the number of the correct answer. Write this number in the answer field in the text of the work.
Answers to tasks 23-28 are written as a sequence of numbers in the answer field in the text of the work.
For tasks 29-32 you should give a detailed answer.
The points you receive for completed tasks are summed up.
Try to complete as many tasks as possible and gain greatest number points.
Characteristics of the structure and content of CMMs
The work includes 32 tasks and consists of two parts.
Part 1 contains 28 tasks with a short answer: 22 tasks of a basic level of difficulty with the answer in the form of one number corresponding to the number of the correct answer; 6 tasks higher level difficulties, of which 2 with choosing and recording three correct answers out of six, 3 with establishing the correspondence of elements of two information series (including the task of including terms and concepts missed in the text, correlating the morphological characteristics of an organism or its individual organs with proposed models according to a given algorithm), 1 to determine the sequence of biological processes, phenomena, objects.
Part 2 contains 4 tasks with a detailed answer, of which: 1 of an increased level of complexity for working with text, involving the use of information from the text of contextual knowledge to answer the questions posed; rest high level Difficulty: 1 to analyze statistical data presented in tabular form; 2 on the application of biological knowledge to solve practical problems.
The distribution of exam work tasks by parts and types of tasks, taking into account the maximum primary score of each part and the work as a whole, is given in Table 1.
A system for assessing the performance of individual tasks and the examination work as a whole.
For correct completion of each of tasks 1-22, 1 point is awarded.
Otherwise - 0 points.
For correct completion of each of tasks 23-27, 2 points are awarded.
For answers to tasks 23 and 24, 1 point is given if the answer contains any two numbers presented in the answer standard, and 0 points in all other cases. If the examinee indicates more characters in the answer than in the correct answer, then for each extra character 1 point is reduced (up to 0 points inclusive).
For the answer to task 25, 1 point is given if one mistake is made, and 0 points if two or more mistakes are made.
For answers to tasks 26 and 27, 1 point is given if the symbol written in any one position of the answer is not the one presented in the answer standard, and 0 points in all other cases.
For complete correct completion of task 28, 3 points are awarded; 2 points if at any one position of the answer the symbol written is not the one presented in the answer standard; 1 point is given if any two positions of the answer contain characters other than those presented in the answer standard, and 0 points in all other cases.
Tasks 29-32 are graded depending on the completeness and correctness of the answer.
The maximum initial score for completing the entire work is 46.
Changes in the OGE 2016 in biology - NO changes.
Testing at the Independent Diagnostic Center of the educational site "Kursoteka".
Trial tests are checked and graded automatically. Verification and evaluation of detailed answers is carried out by experienced teachers in accordance with the criteria and recommendations of the Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science of the Russian Federation. Our teachers will correct the mistakes you made, give a complete and qualified analysis of errors and inaccuracies, if you wish, conduct an online consultation with you on the work performed and give special recommendations for eliminating errors and inaccuracies. Assignments with detailed answers, which are checked manually by teachers, are paid - 198 rubles. The verification period is from 1 to 3 days.
Description of the exam taken from the official website of FIPI http://www.ctege.info/demoversii-oge-2016/demoversiya-oge-2016-po-biologii.html
There are a lot of professions related to biology. And if the graduate decides to devote his further life to medicine, psychology, pedagogy, food industry technology, pharmacology or agriculture, then a biology exam at the end of secondary school is mandatory for him. What will it be like Unified State Exam in Biology 2017?
The state exam in biology in 2017 will be different from the exams previous years. Not many changes have been made, but they are significant.
A new, more optimized structure of the examination paper is proposed. The number of tasks has been reduced to 28, compared to 40 in 2016. The maximum number of primary points for the entire work has been reduced, now it is 59 points, instead of 60 last year. But the amount of time to complete the examination work has been increased to 210 minutes, instead of 180.
There will no longer be multiple choice questions in the exam. In this regard, the likelihood of guessing is reduced to a minimum. After all, before it was possible to use intuition, pass the threshold and score the minimum allowed number of points. Now intuition is not our help; we need knowledge. You will have to prepare carefully and start as early as possible. But there is also good news. The difficulty of the tasks has not changed, but the time to complete them has increased by 30 minutes.
The USE exam paper in biology 2017 contains 28 tasks and consists of two parts, each of which has its own level of difficulty and format.
First part of the exam
The first part consists of 21 short answer questions. Moreover, the answers will need to be written in the form of words or phrases, numbers or sequences of numbers, without spaces or separators.
The first part includes tasks of two difficulty levels: 10 - basic level and 11 - advanced.
This format is the first innovation and a good reason for taking the demo version of the Unified State Exam in Biology 2017.
The second innovation is in the content of tasks. The graduate will need:
- analyze information in graphical or tabular form (1 task)
- complete the missing information in the diagram and table (2 tasks)
- establish the sequence of systematic taxa, biological objects, phenomena, processes (3 tasks)
- solve biological problems in cytology and genetics (2 tasks)
- complete multiple choice tasks (7 tasks) and matching tasks (6 tasks) with or without a picture
So, 21 tasks of a new type have significant differences and allow you to more accurately assess your knowledge of the material covered, and also require serious preparation.
Second part of the exam (increased difficulty)
The second part of the Unified State Exam in Biology 2017 is aimed at graduates with a high level of knowledge in the subject, or rather at identifying them. There will be no changes here. As in 2016, there will be 7 tasks, formed by types of educational activities and in accordance with the topics of the subject. Graduates write answers to them independently in detailed form. There are also no changes in difficulty level: 1 advanced task and 6 high level tasks.
In the second part, the graduate must independently explain and justify biological phenomena and processes, be able to analyze, systematize and integrate knowledge, and confirm theory with practice. And all this should be correctly formulated in a detailed answer.
How is it assessed?
The initial maximum number of points for the state exam in 2017 has changed, but not significantly.
For completing 10 tasks of a basic level of complexity, 17 points are given, for 12 tasks of an advanced level - 24 points, for 6 tasks of a high level - 18. In total - 59 points. for passing the biology exam will be 36 points.
What you need to know
The exam involves testing knowledge of the subject in full. And if something is missed, even for a good reason, this fact is not taken into account during the exam. Therefore, it is advisable for the future graduate to begin preparing for it as early as September in order to have time to fill in all the gaps.
Knowledge testing in biology will be carried out in the following sections:
- Biology as a science. Methods of scientific knowledge
- Cell as a biological system
- Organism as a biological system
- System and diversity of the biological world
- The human body and its health
- Evolution of living nature
- Ecosystems and their inherent patterns
Use this list to test yourself and catch up on missed topics.
What you need to know
At the Unified State Examination in biology, it is also important to show your skills and abilities to use the acquired knowledge. The graduate must correctly use terminology and identify biological objects not only by description, but also by drawing. When explaining biological processes, those who use not only words, but also tables, graphs, and diagrams will have a significant advantage. Solve problems, draw conclusions and apply theoretical knowledge in practice, in everyday life.
Every year FIPI releases an updated demo version of the Unified State Exam in Biology. The graduate has the opportunity to calmly understand the instructions, assignments, rules of conduct, assessment criteria, and practically go through all stages of the exam. Of course, the demo version is not an exact copy of the Unified State Exam, but, nevertheless, it allows the student to feel calmer and more confident when everything happens for real.
In preparing for the Unified State Exam in biology, each graduate needs to take into account his or her personal, individual characteristics. Everyone knows their strengths and weaknesses, memory capabilities, and performance. Those who have not yet figured this out can turn to their parents and teachers for help. It’s worth talking to those who have already taken the Unified State Exam and getting additional information first-hand. In a word, all methods are good for preparation, the main thing is not to leave everything for May, not to hope that “maybe it will blow over,” but to start systematically studying now.
Biology is one of the subjects that a graduate chooses on his own at the Unified State Examination. And if he makes a choice in favor of biology, then he likes this science. Therefore, all worries and worries should be left at the door so as not to interfere. And take with you composure, confidence, remember everything and get the highest score.
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