Les pronoms relatifs qui, que (ce qui, ce que)
Relative pronouns qui, que (се qui, се que) in comparison with the Russian language
Dictionary equivalents of French pronouns qui, que are Russian pronouns who, what. Compare, for example, in interrogative sentences:
Qui l'a dit? Qui attends-tu? Que fais-tu? / Who did he say that? Whom are you waiting? What are you doing?
At the same time, the main difference between French pronouns qui/que and a correlative pair of Russian pronouns who/what in subordinate clauses is that French pronouns differ in syntactic function - subject/object, and Russian pronouns differ in morphological reference - person/object. Therefore, in some cases in Russian two French forms qui/que will correspond to one Russian pronoun ToOTorsth, and in others - one French form qui two Russians will correspond: Who And What.
A. Thus, in attributive clauses to relative pronouns qui/que will correspond to a relative pronoun consistent with the antecedent in gender and number which, capable of performing both the function of subject and the function of object in a subordinate clause. Relative pronoun case which will, as always, be determined by the control of the verb. Let's compare:
C'est un livre qui m'intéresse particulièrement. C'est un livre que je cherche depuis longtemps. C'est un étudiant qui m'intéresse particulièrement. C'est un étudiant que je cherche depuis longtemps. /This is a book which I'm particularly interested. This is a book which I've been looking for a long time. This is a student which I'm particularly interested. This is a student whom I've been looking for a long time.
b. In explanatory clauses for relative pronouns qui, se qui, Withe que Russian pronouns correspond Who(for an animate object) and What(for an inanimate object) in the case dictated by the control of the Russian verb:
Je ne savais pas qui il attendait. Je ne savais pas sequ'il attendait. Je ne comprenais pas sequi se passait. Je ne comprenais pas qui l'avait fait. Je voudrais savoir qui est venu. Je voudrais savoir qui tu regards. Je voudrais savoir ce qui est arrivé. Je voudrais savoir seque tu fais./ I didn’t know whom he is waiting. I didn't know what he is waiting. I didn't understand What is happening. I didn't understand Who did it. I would like to know Who came. I would like to know to whom you're looking. I would like to know What happened. I would like to know What you do.
Thus, if we look at the entire paradigm of explanatory sentences, we will be convinced that in French the opposition of the animate subject and the animate direct object is neutralized; it is always one form qui, and in the Russian language the opposition of an inanimate subject and an inanimate direct object is neutralized, it is always one form What.
b'. It follows from this that the French se qui, expressing an inanimate subject subordinate clause, will correspond to Russian What:
Savez-vous, d'ai1leurs, se qui vous attend? / However, do you know hTO is it waiting for you?
b". French pronominal forms se qui, Withe que corresponds to the Russian pronominal form That, What and in attributive clauses, which are in preposition and perform the function of the subject or nominal part of the predicate of the main sentence:
Xie qui m'inquiet vous laisse indifference. Xie que vous venez de dire est trѐs important./ What worries me, leaves you indifferent. What You just said it’s very important.
V. Special attention require relative pronouns qui, que, acting as the second component of the structure, which serves as a means of syntactic highlighting: c'est… qui - to highlight the subject, c‘ est. . . que— to highlight other members of the sentence. The Russian equivalent of this construction can be
Relative pronouns- these are pronouns that attach a subordinate clause, moreover, one that characterizes a certain object or object mentioned in the main clause.
I post here summary table of relative pronouns in French language, however, I don’t think that it is possible to begin studying these pronouns. Rather, on the contrary, it is needed to generalize knowledge.
Don't try to learn all the relative pronouns and all the nuances at once if you are not yet familiar with them. This is usually done gradually. However, sooner or later there comes a time when all knowledge should be combined into a single system. This article and table will help you with this.
What are relative pronouns?
In Russian, the main relative pronoun is which.
For example:
He lived in a house with windows whom went out onto the road.
Here the subordinate clause “... whose windows overlooked the road” characterizes the object we are talking about - a house.
A subordinate clause that characterizes a subject or object is called relative clause.
In Russian, the pronoun is mainly used to attach relative clauses which. In a sentence, this pronoun changes according to gender, number and case, for example:
He lived in a house with windows whom went out onto the road. (windows of what? at home)
He lived in a house which to him left as a legacy parents. (left what? house)
He lived in a house which was already quite old. (here “which” is the subject).
In French There are no cases, so for different parts of the sentence - subject, object without preposition, object with preposition - different relative pronouns are used, sometimes in combination with prepositions.
Therefore, it is obvious that in order to correctly choose relative pronouns, you first need to know well.
If a relative pronoun replaces the subject, then in French the pronoun is used qui.
He sees children which playing on the street.
Il voit des enfants qui jouent dans la rue. (qui - subject)
If we replace addition without preposition, pronoun is used que.
He sees children which he knows.
Il voit les enfants qu 'il connaît. (que is an addition without a preposition: il connnaît les enfants).
If we replace addition with preposition, the choice of relative pronoun depends on the preposition.
In addition, when replacing such add-ons important, animated is it, that is, are we talking about a person, or about the subject ( inanimate).
Is it true, In French, animate objects can be replaced in the same way as inanimate ones.. But in practice, you can find both options, so let’s consider them.
For the animate:
when replacing we use the construction “ preposition + qui»
He sees children with whom he played yesterday.
Il voit les enfants avec qui il a joué hier. (il a joué avec les enfants)
For the inanimate:
When replacing, the construction “ preposition + a relative pronoun that we choose depending on the gender and number of the noun we are replacing.”
| husband. genus | wives genus | |
| lequel |
laquelle |
|
| pl. h. | lesquels | lesquelles |
He bought books without which can't work.
Il a achete des livres sans lesquels il ne peut pas travailler. (il ne peut pas travailler sans les livres)
M. r. pl. h.
He bought things without which can't work.
Il a achete les choses sans lesquelles il ne peut pas travailler. (il ne peut pas travailler sans ces choses)
wives r. pl. h.
If we replace addition with the preposition à, then everything happens the same way as with other prepositions. However, relative pronouns for inanimate ones merge with the preposition à, . The following forms are used:
| husband. genus | wives genus | |
| auquel |
à laquelle |
|
| pl. h. | auxquels | auxquelles |
For example:
C'est mon ami à qui j'ai raconté cette histoire. (raconter à qn)
C'est le probleme auquel je pense. (penser à qch)
When replacing additions with the preposition de relative pronoun is used dont for animate and inanimate.
Voici le livre dont
Here's the book about which I told you.
Voici la personne dont je vous ai parlé. (parler de…)
Here's a man about which I told vakm.
However in some cases it is impossible to use a pronoun dont.
Firstly, when the preposition de included in compound preposition , for example: le long de, au milieu de, près de, à côté de…
In this case, for the animate we use the design de + qui, and for inanimate the following forms:
| husband. genus | wives genus | |
| duquel |
de laquelle |
|
| pl. h. | desquels | desquelles |
For example:
Qui est cette femme pres de qui tu es assis?
Regarde cette maison pres de laquelle il y a un jardin!
The second case when it is impossible to use a pronoun dont- This when the object depends on a noun that is already used with a preposition.
For example, if we want to connect the following phrases:
He thinks about the problem. Scientists are working to solve this problem
it turns out like this:
He thinks about the problem and comes up with a solution. which scientists are working.
That is, the complement (problems), which we replaced with a relative pronoun which, refers to the word “decision”, which is used with the preposition “over”. In this case, you cannot change the object to the pronoun dont.
Il pense au problem à la solution duquel travaillent les scientifiques.
This is some basic information about relative pronouns.
Relative pronouns (pronoms relatifs)
Relative pronouns are used only in subordinate clauses and either replace a noun (in this case, “which” is usually translated), or serve to connect the subordinate clause with the main one (ce qui, ce que - “the one who”, “that which”, “ what”, etc.).
Have simple forms and complex ones.
Simple forms
Qui, que, quoi, dont, où, d'où. Où can play both the role of an adverbial adverbial place (where) and time (when) in a sentence.
Complex shapes
Lequel, auquel, duquel, etc. Formed from a combination of the definite article le, la, les and the interrogative adjective quel. Can be used with various prepositions. Please note that the prepositions à and de merge with complex plural forms. and m.r. units:
à + lequel = auquel
à + lesquels = auxquels
à + lesquelles = auxquelles
de + lequel = duquel
de + lesquels = desquels
de + lesquelles = desquelles
How to choose the right form of a relative pronoun
It is selected depending on which noun it replaces and what function it performs in the sentence:
|
role in the proposal zheniya ↓/ that replaces → |
animate beings |
inanimate beings |
sentence (in this case there is no noun in the sentence, which is replaced by a pronoun) |
|
subject in clause sentence |
qui La dame qui est venue hier… Lady, which came yesterday... |
qui This is the story which shocked me. |
ce qui Je me demande ce qui se passe. I ask myself What is happening. |
|
direct supplement opinion in the appendix exact proposal marriage |
que Le médecin que je vois régulièrement… Doctor, whom I regularly see... |
que Le film que je suis allé voir la semaine dernière était excellent. Movie, which I went to see it last week and it was great. |
ce que Je ne sais plus ce que tu fais. I don't know, What you do. |
|
indirect complement disagreement with preposition |
dont Marc dont je te parlais tout à l’heure… Mark, about which I just told you... La personne de qui j'ai reçu ce livre est mon frère. Human, from which I received this book - my brother |
dont Le football dont (duquel) il raffolle... Football, from which he's crazy... |
ce dont Je ne comprends pas ce dont tu parles. I don't understand, What you say. |
|
indirect object |
pretext+qui La personne avec qui je suis venu... Human, with whom I've come... |
pretext+lequel/lequel/lesquel(le)s Le telephone par level je t'appelle... Telephone, according to which I'm calling you... La cuillère avec laquelle je mange... Spoon, which (with which) I eat... |
pretext+ quoi / Je ne sais plus (ce) dans quoi j'ai mis le pain. I don't know, where (what) I put the bread. |
|
circumstance of time/place |
où La ville où je suis ne… City , in which (where) I was born... Le jour où je suis partie... Day, at which (when) I left... |
Relative pronoun dont
Always replaces a word preceded by the preposition de! The word order after dont is always straight. It is translated into Russian by the word “which” in various cases.
Replaces
1) indirect object:
Voici le professeur; je t'ai parlé de ce professeur. -Here is the teacher; I told you about this teacher.
Voici le professeur dont je t'ai parlé. - This is the teacher I told you about.
2) addition of a noun:
Voici un chien; la patte du chien est cassée . - Here's a dog; The dog's paw is broken.
Voici un chien dont la patte est cassée . - Here is a dog whose paw is broken.
3) adjective complement:
Ce sont des éleves; je suis très content de ces éleves. -These are the students; I am very pleased with these students.
Ce sont des éleves dont je suis très content. - These are the students I am very pleased with.
4) addition after the verb in the passive form:
J'ai des parents; je suis aimé de mes parents. -I have parents; I am loved by my parents.
J'ai des parents dont je suis aimé. - I have parents who love me (by whom I am loved).
5) addition to a quantitative adverb or numeral:
Mon ami a une grande collection de timbres; beaucoup de timbres sont étrangers. - My friend has a large stamp collection; many brands are foreign.
Mon ami a une grande collection de timbres dont beaucoup sont étrangers. - My friend has a large collection of stamps, many of which are foreign.
Not used!
After a noun with a preposition. Instead of dont something else is usedrelative pronoun :
Marie nous présente un peintre; on parle beaucoup tableaux de ce peintre. -Marie introduced us to the artist; There is a lot of talk about this artist's paintings.
Marie nous présente un peintre des tableaux duquel on parle beaucoup. - Marie introduced us to an artist whose paintings are much talked about.
Relative pronouns are used only in subordinate clauses and either replace a noun (in this case, “which” is usually translated), or serve to connect the subordinate clause with the main one (ce qui, ce que - “the one who”, “that which”, “ what”, etc.).
Have simple forms and complex ones.
Simple forms
Qui, que, quoi, dont, où, d’où. Où can play both the role of an adverbial adverbial place (where) and time (when) in a sentence.
Complex shapes
Lequel, auquel, duquel, etc. Formed from a combination of the definite article le, la, les and the interrogative adjective quel. Can be used with various prepositions. Please note that the prepositions à and de merge with complex plural forms. and m.r. units:
à + lequel = auquel
à + lesquels = auxquels
à + lesquelles = auxquelles
de + lequel = duquel
de + lesquels = desquels
de + lesquelles = desquelles
How to choose the right form of a relative pronoun
It is selected depending on which noun it replaces and what function it performs in the sentence:
| role in the proposal replaces → |
shower | inanimate | offer (in this case there is no noun in the sentence that is replaced by a pronoun) |
| subject in subordinate clause |
qui
La dame qui est venue hier… The lady who came yesterday... |
qui
C'est une histoire qui m'a emu. This is a story that shocked me. |
ce qui
Je me demande ce qui se passe. I ask myself what's going on. |
| direct addition opinion in the appendix exact offer |
que
Le médecin que je vois régulièrement… The doctor I see regularly... |
que
Le film que je Suis allé voir la semaine dernière était excellent. The movie I went to see last week was great. |
ce que
Je ne sais plus ce que tu fais. I don't know what you're doing. |
| indirect complement pretext |
dont de qui Marc dont je te parlais tout à l’heure… Mark, who I just told you about... La personne de qui j'ai reçu ce livre est mon frère. The person I received this book from is my brother |
dont duquel, de laquelle, desquel(le)s Le football dont (duquel) il raffolle… Football, which he is crazy about... |
ce dont
Je ne comprends pas ce dont tu parles. I don't understand what you're saying. |
| indirect object | pretext+qui
La personne avec qui je suis venu... The man I came with... |
pretext+lequel/lequel/lesquel(le)s Le telephone par level je t'appelle... The phone number I'm calling you on... La cuillère avec laquelle je mange... Spoon, which (with which) I eat... |
preposition +
quoi / Je ne sais plus (ce) dans quoi j'ai mis le pain. I don't know where (what) I put the bread in. |
| circumstance of time | où
La ville où je suis ne… The city in which (where) I was born... Le jour où je suis partie... Day, at which (when) I left... |