The verb to have in English. Lesson_1, verbs to be, to have. Interrogative sentences with the verb have in English

If verbs in the grammar of any language denote the execution of an action by an object, then the function of modal verbs is to show the speaker’s attitude to the action taking place. And it, in turn, will be expressed in various ways.

Everything you need to know about the verb have

The topic of this article is devoted to the verb had, but you cannot begin to study the topic without understanding that this verb is only the past form of the verb have. In order to learn about you need to have an idea about have. This verb is the most important in the English language. It is important not only because in conversation we often talk about our property, but also because it is often found in set phrases and is never translated literally. Had is one of the variants of have, which is involved in the formation of some languages. The verb have is used in 4 ways.

1. Has its direct meaning, that is, it acts as it is translated have. For example, to say "I have many friends" The English say I have a lot of friends. That is, this sentence can be literally translated as “I have many friends.”

2. Occurs in set phrases and expressions. Here this verb no longer has a translation have. This is because stable phrases do not have a literal translation. Here are a few expressions that come up quite often.

2.1 Sayings about eating:

Have a tea - drink tea, not have tea.

2.2 Expressions related to dates and meetings:

Have a date - to make a date rather than have a date.

2.3 Statements about appearance:

Have a haircut - get a haircut.

2.4 Communication:

Have a talk - talk, have a conversation.

2.5 Health:

Have a baby - give birth to a baby.

Have a headache - my head hurts.

2.6 Travel:

Have a walk - go for a walk or stroll.

3. Occurs as a modal verb have to.

The variant had occurs in the Past Simple, Perfect and Perfect Continuous tenses.

What modal verbs exist in English?

In English, the following are considered modal: must, need, shouldd, have to, may, need, dare, might, be to, shall, ought, have got to.

If modal verbs such as have, be and should are auxiliary, then have, get, need and be have semantic meaning.

Functions of modal verbs

As you know, modal verbs are intended to indicate the attitude of the narrator to a certain action. This means we should consider the functions that modal verbs express during conversation.

1. Physical ability. For example, Helen is 20 years old. She can be in full employment. - Elena is 20 years old. She may be employed full time. That is, according to the law, she is allowed, and she has the right to do so.

2. Expresses the inability to perform a certain action. For example, Mike can't swim. - Mike doesn't (or can't) swim.

3. Expresses the need (obligation) for action. - We must respect our parents. We must (oblige) respect our parents.

4. Expresses lack of necessity. We do not have to buy products. - That is, we don’t have to buy food. This is not necessary.

5. Expresses a prohibition on action. Jack must not do it. - Jack shouldn't do this. That is, he is prohibited from performing a certain action.

6. Expresses confidence in action. He shouldn't be glad. - He must be happy. The speaker is sure of this.

7. Expresses probability. They ought to be in now. - They are probably inside (the building) now.

8. Expresses a hypothetical possibility. The weather can get cold in October. - It can get colder in October. That is, this is theoretically possible.

9. Express a request for permission to perform an action. Can I open the window? - Can I open the window?

10. Expresses prohibition or permission. She may not use my laptop. - She can't use my laptop. You may use my phone. - You can use my phone.

How to use the verb had in English

In fact, the verb had is have in the past tense. As you know, have to is a modal verb, or, more precisely, the equivalent of must. Must, in turn, has a very strong meaning, which denotes an obligation to perform a certain action. Based on the above, it is concluded that have to, being the equivalent of must, is also one of the hard verbs. If these verbs appear during a conversation, then this is not a request, but an order!

Here are examples of using have to in different tenses; pay attention to the tense in which the verb had is used.

She has to do it. - She is forced to make time).

She had to do it. - She should have done it (past tense).

She will have to do it. - She will have to do it (future tense).

In the second sentence, the modal verb had to is used in the past tense.

Difference between must and have to

The modal verb must is used for personal feelings. Let's give an example: I must do it. I have to do this. This example shows that the narrator is expressing his feelings about a certain action.

I have to visit my dentist. It shows that there are problems with the speaker's dental health and he should visit his dentist. It shows a fact, but not any personal emotions or feelings.

But often the line between these two modal verbs is so thin that people become confused when using them. When such situations arise, it is better to use have to.

It should be remembered that, unlike have to, the modal verb must does not have a past tense. Thus, the equivalent of have to can be used in all forms, including the past tense. In the past tense, have to becomes the modal verb had to.

I had to visit my girlfriend. The verb must cannot be used in this tense. Since it is past, the verb had is used here.

Using the verb had in the negative form

The verb had in its negative form becomes have. To understand why had turns into have, it is enough to remember the rule of the past tense. The verb had is used in the past tense, which means that when negated, it is preceded by did not, which means that had turns into have.

In British English, in interrogative sentences, the verb to have almost always comes before the subject, but in American English, the question begins with the word Do. This also applies to the negative form. Let's give a simple example:

Have you two sisters? - here is the British version.

In the American version, this question will begin with Do: Do you have two sisters?

The verb Had can also be found in the formation of sentences in the Present Perfect tense. It should be recalled that this tense expresses an action that began in the past and is ongoing or ended at the time of conversation. As you can see, this rule contains the past tense, which means the verb Had has found its tense here.

It should be remembered that when using had, the tense of the verb must only be past. This means that it cannot be used during a conversation in the present and especially the future tense.

In what tenses is the verb had used?

The fact that the verb had is used in the past tense is already clear; it is worth examining the use of had in the formation of two more English tenses.

To form the Past Perfect tense, the following construction is required:

verb had (past tense) + verb in the third form, or, more simply, the third column of irregular verbs.

Let's give an example, I had never seen him before - hence it is clear that the verb seen is the third form of the verb see - to see.

The Past Perfect Continuous is not the most common of all English tenses. This time can only be found in books. But it is worth studying to understand the entire tense system of the English language.

Tense is formed using the verb Had been + ing.

For example, We had been feeling well for some time.

That, in fact, is all that concerns the topic of the verb have and its past form had.

Verb have

It is the second most important verb (after the verb be). Its peculiarity is that, due to the frequency of its use, the forms of formation of the third person singular and past tense have changed over time:

3rd person singular verb ha ve s deformed into a verb has

Past tense verb ha ve d deformed into a verb had

Present tense of verb have

Let's look at verb forms have with personal pronouns:

I (you, we, they) have something.- I (you, we, they) have something He (she, it) has something.- He (she, it) has something.

As you can see, the verb have does not change in the plural, but the change occurs only in the third person singular, that is, after the personal pronouns he, she, it or their corresponding nouns. Therefore, if you are in doubt in which person you should put a verb, look at the noun and replace it with a personal pronoun that is suitable in meaning:

Mike and I have several logs.
- Mike and I have several magazines (“Mike and I” - who are we?, therefore they correspond to the pronoun “we”). Mike has several logs.
- Mike has magazines (“Mike” - who is he?, therefore corresponds to the pronoun “he”).

Verb have can be used both with auxiliary verbs do

So it itself performs the function of an auxiliary verb in negative and interrogative sentences. Let's see in what cases the verb follows do, and in which ones not:

Without a verb do used in the old book style, as well as with single objects, actions or phenomena:

With verb do used in modern language, especially when we are talking about habitual actions, the constant presence of some object, phenomenon:

Statement:	You have a house.	-	You have a house.
Negation:	You don't have a house.	-	You don't have a home.
Question:	Do you have a house?	-	Do you have a house?

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Well, for yourself it’s better to always use an auxiliary verb do, since even in British English you are increasingly less likely to see the construction of an interrogative or negative sentence, where the role of the auxiliary verb is played by have.

There are stable expressions with have(has) in which the formation of interrogative and negative sentences without an auxiliary verb do unacceptable:

For example, consider two sentences:

Do they have tea?
- Do they drink tea? Have they tea?
- Do they have tea?

Looking at these two sentences, you can see how the meaning of the sentence changes dramatically when the auxiliary verb is used incorrectly.

Verb have has abbreviated forms along with personal pronouns:

"ve- with pronouns, except third person singular pronouns. In this case, the combination of a pronoun with an abbreviated verb is read by adding the ending sound [v] to the pronunciation of the pronoun, for example:

we"ve

"s- with third person singular pronouns. In this case, the combination of a pronoun with an abbreviated verb reads:

Note the abbreviation "s- it also corresponds to the contraction of the third person singular of the verb be. And you can understand which verb is only by context, for example:

He's clever.- He is smart ("s - the verb is translated "is", we cannot translate I have smart). He's a car.- He has a car. (we cannot translate He is a machine).

As you can see, it is clear from the context which verb is in the sentence. But in more complex sentences the difference may not be so obvious, then you need to look at what is said in the neighboring sentences.

There is also a negative contracted form with the verb have:

have not- haven"t ["hæv.ənt]

My parents haven't a car.

has not- hasn't ["hæz.ənt]

The door hasn't a ring.

There is one more turn have (has) got, which has the same meaning as the verb have, but is used in more informal speech in the present tense. Rarely used in the past and never in the future. Second part of the revolution got

(past tense form of the verb get- to receive) does not carry a semantic load and is not translated into Russian (it is simply part of a compound predicate). When using have (has) got no need to use an auxiliary verb do:

Statement:	Pupils have got their notebooks.	-	The students have their notebooks.
Negation:	Pupils have not got their notebooks.	-	The students do not have their notebooks.
Question:	Have pupils got their notebooks?	-	Do the students have their notebooks?

has got

A driver hasn't got a key of the car.

Also often turnover have (has) got used in a sentence as a shortened form of a verb have. This is due to the difficulty of listening to the abbreviated form. And recently, in American English, have omitted from the sentence:

We("ve) got problems.

He("s) got a new pen.

Past tense with verb have

To form the past tense of a verb have its past tense form is used had

Which does not change either in persons or in numbers. When forming a sentence, the same rules are used as for forming the present tense:

Shortened form of the verb with personal pronouns - "d, and is pronounced together with the pronoun as an additional sound [d], for example pronoun they with reduction "d reads like this: they"d [ðeid]. They"d beautiful puppy.- They had a beautiful puppy.

Verb had has a shortened form when negated: had"t ["hæd.ənt]

The driver didn't have his own bus.

Future verb tense have

An auxiliary verb is used to form the future tense will

A verb have does not change shape regardless of person or number: My new car will have new wheels.- My car will have new wheels.
I will have my favorite music album.- I will have my favorite music album.

Interrogative and negative sentences:

You will not have this information before tomorrow.- You won't have this information until tomorrow.
Will she have clients next month?- Will she have clients next month?

Short answer to a question with a verb have

In Russian, we can answer a question with a short yes or no, but in English such an answer is considered not entirely polite, and a combination of words is used to answer depending on the context.

Short answer to a question involving a verb have the same as with the verb be contains negation or agreement, corresponding personal pronoun with verb have in the same form as the personal pronoun:

Have you any trifle? - No, I have not (No, I haven't ) or Yes, I have

Has she an evening dress? - No, she has not (No, she has"t) or Yes, she has

Had I overweight? - No, you had not (No, you hadn't) or Yes, you had

In the future tense instead of a verb have the answer uses an auxiliary verb will: Will they have a bank account? - No, they will not (No, they won't) or Yes, they will
Will they have a bank account? - No or Yes.

Pay attention to questions and answers with personal pronouns I And you. They, as in the Russian language, must change places in meaning. And also in a question, instead of a personal pronoun, there can be a corresponding noun, and in the answer there is always a personal pronoun:

Have your friends any work? - No, they have not (No, they haven't) or Yes, they have

Modal verb have to

And one more feature of the verb have that he is with a particle to forms a modal verb have to. This modal verb has the same meaning as the verb must, but in a less categorical form: it is necessary, must, should be done. And it changes from time to time.

The modal verb changes form in the third person singular - has to, in the past tense - had to and future tense will have to. Let's look at examples of using the modal verb:

My dog has to go out for a walk every evening.

You have to go with us.

My uncle had to take me from a hospital.

We will have to pay for bills every month.

Verb " to have" (to own) in English is used in quite different situations and can be translated into Russian in different ways. In this article you will learn the main situations when this verb is used. You will also learn about the verb " have got", which also means "to own".

Verb to have

To have is a main verb used to indicate possession (ownership) of something (not only material), properties of something (or its characteristics), kinship or connection, for example, the quality of one thing in relation to another:

I have a cat. → U I have cat.
I have a lot of free time these days. → Now at me (is) a lot of free time.

Dmitry has a sister in France. → At Dmitry's There is sister in France.

He has three books by Hemingway. → He has/U he has it three books by Hemingway.
She has fair hair → She has blonde hair.

Verb " to have" is also used to denote a large number of actions, here are some of them (the main thing is to understand the meaning, not to be scared and think “how to translate this”):

have a bath, wash, shower, etc → take a bath (lie in it), do laundry, take a shower (under running water), etc.
have → have breakfast, lunch, dinner.

have fun → have a good time, “have fun.”
have time available → to have time for something.

have questions → have a question.
have a party → hold a party.

have a walk, hike, ride, etc. → take a walk, go on a hike, ride a horse, etc.
have a discussion, fight, argument etc. → discuss, fight, assert...

Examples:

I usually have breakfast at seven o'clock. → Usually, I I'm having breakfast at seven o'clock.

Anna is having a bath at the moment (time). → Anna now takes a bath.

Used as . It can be easily identified by its design" have to". Here it expresses a requirement to perform some routine action (but not always). It is often used by native speakers as an action that carries responsibility, duty .

This form" have"also has a similar meaning to the modal verb" must" - when talking about responsibilities, native speakers prefer to use it (for example: I must talk to Peter. It’s important)."

Verb " must" used when they want to talk about very serious for the speaker(or if they are considered to be such) duties (for example: I must feed my family).

Some examples:

They have to work hard on Saturdays (routine for them). → On Saturdays they should work hard.
I have to return books to the school library. → I must return books to the school library.

I must be rich (very important for the speaker). → I must be rich.
I must to defend my homeland. → I must defend your homeland.

Verb have got

The verb "have got" is more characteristic of British English. It also serves to indicate possession (ownership) of something (not only material), properties of something (or its characteristics), kinship or connection. For example:

He has got some friends in London. → He has a few friends in London

Anna has got three sisters → Anna has three sisters.

I have got a new car. → I have new car.

Americans also sometimes use " have got"but more often" gotten"or just" (to) have"(consider it an analogue/synonym - it's easier this way).

I had a copy of that book. (). → I had a copy of that book.

I have got a copy of that book. (). → I have a copy of that book.

The penultimate significant difference is the reduction. Verb " have" has no abbreviations; for example, you can't say "I've a red bicycle" just "I have a red bicycle". And here is " have got" on the contrary, has contractions (in affirmation and negation):

I' we got a red bicycle (I have got a red bicycle). → I have red bike.

She hasn't got a dog (she has not got a dog). → She has no dog.

And the last main difference, where confusion often arises, is the negative and interrogative constructions of these two verbs.

You can understand these differences in the picture below. I'll just say that " have got" does not need help (in this case, “do”, since let me remind you that “have got” is used in the Present Simple)

In English text you will often encounter the verb. He needs to be given special attention, since he takes part in the formation of a large number of expressions, phrases and phrases. Most often it is translated into Russian as have, have. But the direct meaning can be changed depending on how the verb is combined with other words.

The functional feature of the verb to have is that it can be presented as a full-meaning semantic (expresses the meaning of an action or state independently, has a full semantic load), an auxiliary (auxiliary, used in a sentence together with a semantic verb) or a modal verb (conveys the attitude to the action , used with semantic verbs).

To have as a full verb

In this form, “to have” is translated into Russian as “to have”, “to own”, “to possess”.

For example:

I have a delicious chicken– I have a delicious cutlet (I have a delicious cutlet).

Examples:

I have a bright shawl– I have a bright scarf (I have a bright scarf, I have a bright scarf).
She has a pen– she has a handle (she has a handle, she has a handle).

In British English, when using have as an independent verb, have got, has got is often used. However, the meaning does not change.

Examples:

This type of sentence is formed using an auxiliary word.

Examples:

Did he have a black hat?– Did he have a black hat (did he have a black hat)?
Did they have glasses?– Did they have glasses (did they have glasses)?

Negative (denial)

A negative sentence is formed using the auxiliary word did and the negative particle not.

I	didn't (didn't)	have
He
She
It
We
You
They

Examples:

She did not have a market tent– she didn’t have a market stall (she didn’t have a market stall).
We didn't have credit cards– we didn’t have credit cards (we didn’t have credit cards).

Future Simple (future tense)

Affirmative

When forming an affirmative sentence, an auxiliary word is used.

Examples:

Interrogative (interrogative form)

Formed by placing will in first place.

	I	have
Will	he
	she
	it
	we
Will	you
Will	they

Examples:

Will I have a camera?– Will I have a camera (will I have a camera)?
Will he have a ball or designer?– Will he have a ball or a construction set (will he have a ball or a construction set)?

Negative (denial)

A negative sentence is formed using the auxiliary verb will and the negative particle not.

I		have
He	will not (won't)
She
It
We
You	will not (won't)
They	will not (won't)

Examples:

She will not have glass beads– she will not have glass beads (she will not have glass beads).
We shan’t have wood floor– we will not have a wooden floor (we will not have a wooden floor).

To have as an auxiliary verb

In this form, to have is used when forming perfect tense forms with all verbs, excluding modal ones.

Its conjugation is the same as in the full-valued form.

Example:

I have done it easily - did it easily.

To have as a modal verb

How to have is used with a full verb in an indefinite form and is used in situations where it is necessary to perform an action caused by circumstances, or has the form of advice or recommendation. Its conjugation is the same as in the full-valued form.

Examples:

We have to have a talk– we need to talk.
You have to add the flour– you need to add flour.

Verb to have- have, is the second most important verb in the English language, second only to the verb to be. The fact is that the British and Americans say the word " have"much more often than Russians say the word "have".

For example, in Russian we say:

I have a car.

And in English they say:

I have a car. - I have a car.

Thus, when we want to say that somewhere, something is, we use the verb to be.

There is a picture on the wall. - There is a picture hanging on the wall.

And when we want to say that someone has something, we say "he has" - "he has"

He has a picture- He has a picture.

In the present tense, the verb “to have” has the following forms:

Speak in first person and plural person "have", and in the third person singular "has". As you can see, the verb has only two forms "to have" in the present tense: have And has. We say: I have - I have , translate: I have.

In colloquial speech in place have often said have got, literally got it, got it, started it. That is, instead of - I have, They say: I have got. Instead of has They say has got. That is, instead of - he has, They say: he has got. Moreover, in fluent speech from the word have only one sound remains "ve, and from the word has one sound "s.

I've got
He's got
She's got

I have a question. - I "ve got a question.- I have a question.
You have a car - You "ve got a car- You have a car.
He has a hundred rubles - He "s got a hundred rubles- He has 100 rubles.
She has a lot of friends - She "s got a lot of friends- She has many friends.
We have little time- We don't have much time.
You have a lot of money- We don't have much time.

If something is missing, then we put it no before a noun.

We have no money - We have not got any money- We have no money.
They have no questions- They have no questions.
You have no computer - You have not got a computer- You don't have a computer.
He has no friends- He has no friends.

If we want to formulate a question with the verb have, then you can’t always just put it in front of the subject, in first place, as we did with the verb to be. The point is that the verb to be a strong verb, he can formulate the question himself. A verb to have has weakened over the last century, if one could previously ask like this: Have you a car?, then now is a verb have requires a helper, auxiliary verb do and this question is formulated:

Do you have a car?- Do you have a car?

To get by without an auxiliary verb, it is better to ask the question in the form have got, in this case you can use a verb have put before the subject and ask:

Have you got a car?- Do you have a car?
Has she got a computer?- Does she have a computer?
Have you got a ticket?- Do you have a ticket?
Have they got any children?- Do they have children?

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Before a plural noun or before an uncountable noun put any- any time.

Have you got any time?- Do you have time? (for some time)

These are general questions that answer yes or no. If you need to ask a special question, we start with a question word.

What have I got here?- What do I have here?
What car has he got?- What kind of car does he have?
How much time have you got?- How much time do you have?

How much?- How many, they ask uncountable nouns: time, water and the like, they are not counted in pieces and do not have a plural form at all.

How many?- They ask about what can be counted.